Semiconductor device and method for manufacturing the same

ABSTRACT

As a display device has a higher definition, the number of pixels, gate lines, and signal lines are increased. When the number of the gate lines and the signal lines are increased, there occurs a problem that it is difficult to mount an IC chip including a driver circuit for driving the gate and signal lines by bonding or the like, whereby manufacturing cost is increased. A pixel portion and a driver circuit for driving the pixel portion are provided over the same substrate, and at least part of the driver circuit includes a thin film transistor using an oxide semiconductor interposed between gate electrodes provided above and below the oxide semiconductor. Therefore, when the pixel portion and the driver circuit are provided over the same substrate, manufacturing cost can be reduced.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to a semiconductor device using an oxide semiconductor and a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device.

2. Description of the Related Art

A thin film transistor formed over a flat plate such as a glass substrate is manufactured using amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon, as typically seen in a liquid crystal display device. A thin film transistor formed using amorphous silicon has low electric field effect mobility, but such a transistor can be formed over a glass substrate with a larger area. On the other hand, a thin film transistor formed using polycrystalline silicon has high electric field effect mobility, but a crystallization process such as laser annealing is necessary and such a transistor is not always suitable for a larger glass substrate.

In view of the foregoing, attention has been drawn to a technique by which a thin film transistor is manufactured using an oxide semiconductor, and such a transistor is applied to an electronic device or an optical device. For example, Patent Document 1 and Patent Document 2 disclose a technique by which a thin film transistor is manufactured using zinc oxide or an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor as an oxide semiconductor film and such a transistor is used as a switching element or the like of an image display device.

CITATION LIST

-   [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2007-123861 -   [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No.     2007-096055

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The electron field effect mobility of a thin film transistor in which a channel formation region is provided in an oxide semiconductor is higher than that of a thin film transistor using amorphous silicon. The oxide semiconductor film can be formed by a sputtering method or the like at a temperature of 300° C. or lower. Its manufacturing process is easier than that of a thin film transistor using polycrystalline silicon.

Such an oxide semiconductor is expected to be used for forming a thin film transistor over a glass substrate, a plastic substrate, or the like, and to be applied to a display device such as a liquid crystal display device, an electroluminescent display device, or electronic paper.

When the size of a display region of a display device is increased, the number of pixels is increased and thus the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased. In addition, as a display device has a higher definition, the number of pixels is increased and thus the number of gate lines and signal lines is increased. When the number of the gate lines and the signal lines is increased, it is difficult to mount IC chips including driver circuits for driving of the gate lines and the signal lines by bonding or the like, whereby manufacturing cost is increased.

Therefore, it is an object to reduce manufacturing cost by employing a thin film transistor using an oxide semiconductor in at least part of a driver circuit for driving a pixel portion.

In the case of employing a thin film transistor using an oxide semiconductor in at least part of a driver circuit for driving a pixel portion, high dynamic characteristics (on-state characteristics or frequency characteristics (referred to as f characteristics)) are required for the thin film transistor. It is another object to provide a thin film transistor having high dynamic characteristics (on-state characteristics) and to provide a driver circuit which enables high-speed driving.

Gate electrodes are provided above and below an oxide semiconductor layer to realize improvement of on-state characteristics and reliability of a thin film transistor. Further, a source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer is formed between the gate electrode below the oxide semiconductor layer and the oxide semiconductor layer. At least part of the source electrode layer or the drain electrode layer is provided with low-resistance oxide semiconductor layers thereover and thereunder which function as source regions or drain regions. Note that the source and drain electrode layers are sandwiched between a first source or drain region and a second source or drain region.

Further, by controlling gate voltage applied to the upper and lower gate electrodes, threshold voltage can be controlled. The upper and lower gate electrodes may be electrically connected to each other so as to have the same potential, or the upper and lower gate electrodes may be connected to different wirings so as to have different potentials. For example, when the threshold voltage is set at 0 or close to 0 to reduce driving voltage, reduction of power consumption can be achieved. Alternatively, when the threshold voltage is set positive, the thin film transistor can function as an enhancement type transistor. Further alternatively, when the threshold voltage is set negative, the thin film transistor can function as a depletion type transistor.

For example, an inverter circuit including a combination of the enhancement type transistor and the depletion type transistor (hereinafter, such a circuit is referred to as an EDMOS circuit) can be used for a driver circuit. The driver circuit includes at least a logic circuit portion, and a switch portion or a buffer portion. The logic circuit portion has a circuit structure including the above EDMOS circuit. Further, a thin film transistor by which large on-state current can flow is preferably used for the switch portion or the buffer portion. A depletion type transistor or a thin film transistor including gate electrodes above and below an oxide semiconductor layer is used.

Thin film transistors having different structures can be formed over the same substrate without greatly increasing the number of steps. For example, an EDMOS circuit using a thin film transistor including gate electrodes above and below the oxide semiconductor layer may be formed for the driver circuit for high-speed driving, and a thin film transistor including a gate electrode only below the oxide semiconductor layer may be used for a pixel portion.

Note that an n-channel TFT whose threshold voltage is positive is referred to as an enhancement type transistor, and an n-channel TFT whose threshold voltage is negative is referred to as a depletion type transistor, throughout this specification.

Examples of a material for the gate electrode provided above the oxide semiconductor layer include an element selected from aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), and an alloy containing any of the above elements as its component, and any conductive film can be used without particular limitation. Further, the gate electrode is not limited to a single layer structure containing any of the above elements, and can have a stacked structure of two or more layers.

As a material for the gate electrode provided above the oxide semiconductor layer, the same material as a pixel electrode can be used (a transparent conductive film or the like can be used in a case of a transmissive display device). For example, the gate electrode provided above the oxide semiconductor layer can be formed in the same step as a step for forming the pixel electrode which is electrically connected to the thin film transistor in the pixel portion. Consequently, the thin film transistor provided with the gate electrodes above and below the oxide semiconductor layer can be formed without greatly increasing the number of steps.

In addition, by providing the gate electrode above the oxide semiconductor layer, in a bias-temperature stress test (hereinafter, referred to as a BT test) for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of change in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor between before and after the BT test can be reduced. That is, provision of the gate electrode above the oxide semiconductor layer can improve the reliability.

Ohmic contact is needed between the source electrode and the oxide semiconductor layer, and moreover, its contact resistance is preferably reduced as much as possible. Similarly, ohmic contact is needed between the drain electrode and the oxide semiconductor layer, and its contact resistance is preferably reduced as much as possible. Thus, source and drain regions having higher carrier concentration than the oxide semiconductor layer are intentionally provided between the source and drain electrodes and the gate insulating layer, and between the source and drain electrodes and the oxide semiconductor layer so that ohmic contact is made. In this specification, low-resistance oxide semiconductor layers which function as source and drain regions have n-type conductivity and are also referred to as n⁺ layers.

One embodiment of the invention disclosed in this specification is a display device comprising a first gate electrode over an insulating surface; a first insulating layer over the first gate electrode; a first source region or a first drain region over the first insulating layer; a source electrode or a drain electrode over the first source region or the first drain region; a second source region or a second drain region over the source electrode or the drain electrode; an oxide semiconductor layer over the second source region or the second drain region; a second insulating layer covering the oxide semiconductor layer; a second gate electrode over the second insulating layer, wherein the oxide semiconductor layer is formed over the first insulating layer and is overlapped with the first gate electrode, at least part of the oxide semiconductor layer is disposed between the source electrode and the drain electrode, and the second gate electrode overlaps with the oxide semiconductor layer and the first gate electrode.

The above-described structure can achieve at least one of the above-described objects.

In the above-described structure, a width of the second gate electrode is made larger than a width of the first gate electrode, whereby voltage can be applied to the whole oxide semiconductor layer from the second gate electrode.

Further, in the above-described structure, when a width of the first gate electrode is made smaller than a width of the second gate electrode, an area of the first gate electrode, which overlaps with the source electrode or the drain electrode is reduced, so that parasitic capacitance can be reduced. Alternatively, a width of the second gate electrode is made smaller than a distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode, so that the second gate electrode does not overlap with the source electrode or the drain electrode to reduce the parasitic capacitance more.

Further, a manufacturing method of the above structure has a feature. The manufacturing method is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of forming a first gate electrode over an insulating surface; forming a first insulating layer over the first gate electrode; forming a first source region or a first drain region over the first insulating layer; forming a source electrode or a drain electrode over the first source region or the first drain region; forming a second source region or a second drain region over the source electrode or the drain electrode; forming an oxide semiconductor layer over the second source region and the second drain region after plasma treatment is performed on the first insulating layer, the second source region, and the second drain region; forming a second insulating layer covering the oxide semiconductor layer; and forming a second gate electrode over the second insulating layer. In this manufacturing method, the second gate electrode is formed using the same material and the same mask as a pixel electrode, whereby the semiconductor device can be manufactured without greatly increasing the number of steps.

Another embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a pixel portion and a driver circuit, wherein the pixel portion includes at least a first thin film transistor having a first oxide semiconductor layer; the driver circuit includes an EDMOS circuit in which at least a second thin film transistor having a second oxide semiconductor layer and a third thin film transistor having a third oxide semiconductor layer are included; the third thin film transistor includes a first gate electrode below the third oxide semiconductor layer and a second gate electrode above the third oxide semiconductor layer; at least part of the third oxide semiconductor layer is disposed between a source electrode and a drain electrode, source regions are provided over and under the source electrode, and drain regions are provided over and under the drain electrode; and the second gate electrode overlaps with the third oxide semiconductor layer and the first gate electrode.

In the above-described structure, when the first thin film transistor in the pixel portion is electrically connected to a pixel electrode and the pixel electrode is formed using the same material as the second gate electrode in the driver circuit, the semiconductor device can be manufactured without increasing the number of steps.

In the above-described structure, when the first thin film transistor in the pixel portion is electrically connected to a pixel electrode and the pixel electrode is formed using a different material from the second gate electrode in the driver circuit, for example, when the pixel electrode is formed of a transparent conductive film and the second gate electrode is formed of an aluminum film, resistance of the second gate electrode in the driver circuit can be reduced.

In the above-described structure, when the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode have the same potential, gate voltage can be applied from upper and lower sides of the oxide semiconductor layer, so that the amount of current which flows in an on state can be increased.

In the above-described structure, when the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode have different potentials, the threshold voltage is set at 0 or close to 0 to reduce driving voltage, for example; accordingly, reduction of power consumption can be achieved.

Further, a so-called dual-gate structure is provided, in which the third oxide semiconductor layer of the driver circuit overlaps with the first gate electrode with the first insulating layer therebetween and also overlaps with the second gate electrode with the second insulating layer therebetween.

As a semiconductor device having a driver circuit, besides a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting display device using a light-emitting element and a display device using an electrophoretic display element, which is also referred to as electronic paper, can be given.

Note that the term “display device” in this specification means an image display device, a light-emitting device, or a light source (including a lighting device). Further, the “display device” includes the following modules in its category: a module including a connector such as a flexible printed circuit (FPC), a tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) attached; a module having a TAB tape or a TCP which is provided with a printed wiring board at the end thereof; and a module having an integrated circuit (IC) which is directly mounted on a display element by a chip on glass (COG) method.

In a light-emitting display device using a light-emitting element, a plurality of thin film transistors are included in a pixel portion, and a portion in which a gate electrode of a thin film transistor is electrically connected to a source wiring or a drain wiring of another transistor is included in the pixel portion.

Since a thin film transistor is easily broken due to static electricity or the like, a protective circuit for protecting the driver circuit is preferably provided over the same substrate for a gate line or a source line. The protective circuit is preferably formed with a non-linear element including an oxide semiconductor.

The oxide semiconductor used in this specification is a thin film expressed by InMO₃(ZnO)_(m) (m>0), and a thin film transistor using the thin film as a semiconductor layer is manufactured. Note that M denotes one metal element or a plurality of metal elements selected from Ga, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Co. For example, M denotes Ga in some cases; meanwhile, M denotes the above metal element such as Ni or Fe in addition to Ga (Ga and Ni or Ga and Fe) in other cases. Further, the above oxide semiconductor may contain Fe or Ni, another transitional metal element, or an oxide of the transitional metal as an impurity element in addition to the metal element contained as M. In this specification, this thin film is also referred to as an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film.

The In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film is formed by a sputtering method, and is heated at 200° C. to 500° C., typically 300° C. to 400° C., for 10 to 100 minutes. Note that an amorphous structure is observed by XRD analysis as the crystal structure of the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film analyzed.

An oxide semiconductor typified by the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film is a material having a wide energy gap (Eg); therefore, even if two gate electrodes are provided above and below an oxide semiconductor layer, increase of off current can be suppressed.

Note that the ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in this specification are used for convenience and do not denote the order of steps and the stacking order of layers. In addition, the ordinal numbers in this specification do not denote particular names which specify the present invention.

By forming the thin film transistor using the oxide semiconductor interposed between the two gate electrodes provided above and below the oxide semiconductor in a peripheral circuit such as a gate line driver circuit or a source line driver circuit, or a pixel portion, manufacturing cost is reduced.

In the above-described thin film transistor, the low-resistance oxide semiconductor layers which function as source regions or drain regions are formed over and under the source electrode or the drain electrode. Therefore, the area of the oxide semiconductor layer which is in contact with the side surface of the source electrode or the drain electrode can be reduced, which enables the on-state current of the thin film transistor to be increased. Further, source and drain regions having higher carrier concentration than the oxide semiconductor layer are intentionally provided between the source and drain electrodes and the gate insulating layer so that ohmic contact can be made.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C are cross-sectional views illustrating an example of a display device of Embodiment 1, another example of a display device of Embodiment 1, and another example of a display device of Embodiment 1, respectively.

FIGS. 2A, 2B, and 2C are a cross-sectional view, an equivalent circuit diagram, and a top view of a semiconductor device of Embodiment 2, respectively.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams entirely illustrating display devices of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating arrangement of a wiring, an input terminal, and the like in a display device of Embodiment 3.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a structure of a shift register circuit.

FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of a flip-flop circuit.

FIG. 7 is a view illustrating a layout view (a top view) of the flip-flop circuit.

FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating a timing chart for showing operation of a shift register circuit.

FIGS. 9A to 9C are views illustrating a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIGS. 10A to 10C are views illustrating a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 11 is a view illustrating a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 12 is a view illustrating a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 13 is a view illustrating a method for manufacturing the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 14 is a view illustrating the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIGS. 15A1, 15A2, 15B1, and 15B2 are views illustrating semiconductor devices of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 16 is a view illustrating the semiconductor device of Embodiment 4.

FIG. 17 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device of Embodiment 5.

FIG. 18 is a diagram illustrating a pixel equivalent circuit of a semiconductor device of Embodiment 6.

FIGS. 19A to 19C are cross sectional views illustrating semiconductor devices of Embodiment 6.

FIGS. 20A and 20B are a top view and a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device of Embodiment 6, respectively.

FIGS. 21A1 and 21A2 are top views and FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device of Embodiment 7.

FIG. 22 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a semiconductor device of Embodiment 7.

FIGS. 23A to 23D are external views illustrating examples of electronic devices.

FIGS. 24A and 24B are external views illustrating examples of a television device and a digital photo frame, respectively.

FIGS. 25A and 25B are external views illustrating examples of mobile phones.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the drawings. However, the present invention is not limited to the description below and it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the mode and details can be changed variously. In addition, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to description in the embodiments below.

Embodiment 1

FIG. 1A illustrates an example in which a first thin film transistor 480 used for a driver circuit and a second thin film transistor 170 used for a pixel portion are provided over the same substrate. Note that FIG. 1A is also an example of a cross-sectional view of a display device.

The pixel portion and the driver circuit are formed over the same substrate. In the pixel portion, the second thin film transistor 170, which is an enhancement type transistor, arranged in a matrix form is used for switching on/off of voltage application to a pixel electrode 110. The second thin film transistor 170 arranged in the pixel portion is formed using an oxide semiconductor layer 103. As for electric characteristics of the second thin film transistor, on/off ratio is 10⁹ or more at a gate voltage ±20 V; therefore, display contrast can be improved, and further, leakage current is small, whereby low power consumption driving can be realized. The on/off ratio is a ratio of on-state current to off-state current (I_(on)/I_(off)), and the higher the value of the I_(on)/I_(off) is, the better switching characteristics is. Thus, high on/off ratio contributes to improvement of display contrast. Note that on current is current which flows between a source electrode and a drain electrode when a transistor is in an on state. Meanwhile, off current is current which flows between the source electrode and the drain electrode when the transistor is in an off state. For example, in an n-channel transistor, the off current is current which flows between a source electrode and a drain electrode when gate voltage is lower than threshold voltage of the transistor. Therefore, an enhancement type transistor is preferably used for the pixel portion to achieve high contrast and low-power-consumption driving.

In the driver circuit, at least one thin film transistor 430 including a first gate electrode 401 below an oxide semiconductor layer 405 and a second gate electrode 470 above the oxide semiconductor layer 405 is used. The second gate electrode 470 can also be called a back-gate electrode. When the back-gate electrode is formed, in a bias-temperature stress test (hereinafter, referred to as a BT test) for examining reliability of a thin film transistor, the amount of change in threshold voltage of the thin film transistor between before and after the BT test can be reduced.

A structure of this thin film transistor 430 is described with reference to FIG. 1A. The first gate electrode 401 provided over a substrate 400 having an insulating surface is covered with a first gate insulating layer 403, and an n⁺ layer 408 a and an n⁺ layer 408 b are provided over the first gate insulating layer 403 overlapping with the first gate electrode 401. Over the n⁺ layer 408 a and the n⁺ layer 408 b, a first wiring 409 and a second wiring 410 are provided. Over the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410 which function as a source electrode and a drain electrode, an n⁺ layer 406 a and an n⁺ layer 406 b are provided. The oxide semiconductor layer 405 is formed over the n⁺ layer 406 a and the n⁺ layer 406 b. A second gate insulating layer 412 which covers this oxide semiconductor layer 405 is provided. Further, the second gate electrode 470 is provided over the second gate insulating layer 412.

Note that at least parts of the side surfaces of the n⁺ layer 408 a and the n⁺ layer 408 b are in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 405. At least parts of the upper and side surfaces of the n⁺ layer 406 a and the n⁺ layer 406 b are in contact with the oxide semiconductor layer 405. The area in which the oxide semiconductor layer 405 and the side surfaces of the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410 are in contact can be reduced because the n⁺ layers are provided both over and under the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410.

The n⁺ layer is an oxide semiconductor layer having lower resistance than the oxide semiconductor layer 405 and functions as a source region or a drain region. Note that in the case where the first wiring 409 functions as a source electrode layer and the second wiring 410 functions as a drain electrode layer, the n⁺ layer 408 a and the n⁺ layer 406 a function as the first and second source regions, and the n⁺ layer 408 b and the n⁺ layer 406 b function as the first and second drain regions, respectively. In the case where the thin film transistor is provided with a plurality of source regions and drain regions, the on-state current of the transistor can be increased more than in the case where the transistor is provided with a single source region and a single drain region.

Further, the first gate electrode 401 and the second gate electrode 470 may be electrically connected to each other so as to have the same potential. When the first gate electrode 401 and the second gate electrode 470 have the same potential, gate voltage can be applied from upper and lower sides of the oxide semiconductor layer, so that the amount of current which flows in an on state can be increased.

Further, by electrically connecting a control signal line for shifting the threshold voltage to a negative value to either the first gate electrode 401 or the second gate electrode 470, a depletion type TFT can be formed.

Alternatively, by electrically connecting a control signal line for shifting the threshold voltage to a positive value to either the first gate electrode 401 or the second gate electrode 470, an enhancement type TFT can be formed.

Further, there is no particular limitation on a combination of two thin film transistors used for the driver circuit, and a combination of a thin film transistor including one gate electrode as the depletion type TFT and a thin film transistor including two gate electrodes as the enhancement type TFT may be employed. In that case, a thin film transistor in the pixel portion has a structure in which gate electrodes are provided above and below the oxide semiconductor layer.

Alternatively, the thin film transistor in the pixel portion may have a structure in which gate electrodes are provided above and below the oxide semiconductor layer, and the enhancement type TFT and the depletion type TFT in the driver circuit may each have a structure in which gate electrodes are provided above and below the oxide semiconductor layer. In that case, a structure in which a control signal line for controlling the threshold voltage is electrically connected to either of the upper and lower gate electrodes and the connected gate electrode controls the threshold voltage is employed.

Note that in FIG. 1A, the second gate electrode 470 is formed of the same material as the pixel electrode 110 in the pixel portion, for example, using a transparent conductive film in a transmissive liquid crystal display device, in order to reduce the number of steps. However, there is no particular limitation on the second gate electrode 470. In addition, the example in which a width of the second gate electrode 470 is larger than a width of the first gate electrode 401 and also larger than a width of the oxide semiconductor layer is illustrated; however, there is no particular limitation on the width of the second gate electrode 470.

FIG. 1B illustrates an example different from FIG. 1A in the material and the width of the second gate electrode. Further, FIG. 1B is also an example of a display device in which the second thin film transistor 170 connected to an organic light-emitting element or an inorganic light-emitting element is included in the pixel portion.

In FIG. 1B, as a material for an electrode 471 which functions as a second gate electrode of a thin film transistor 432, a metal material (an element selected from aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), or an alloy containing any of the above-described elements as its component) is used. A width of the electrode 471 in the cross section is smaller than that of the second gate electrode 470 in FIG. 1A. Further, the width of the electrode 471 is smaller than a width of the oxide semiconductor layer 405. By reducing the width of the electrode 471, the overlapping area of the second gate electrode 471 with the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410 with the second gate insulating layer 412 therebetween can be reduced, so that parasitic capacitance can be reduced.

The light-emitting element includes at least a first electrode 472, a light-emitting layer 475, and a second electrode 474. In FIG. 1B, the electrode 471 is formed of the same material as the first electrode 472 in the pixel portion, for example, using aluminum or the like, in order to reduce the number of steps; however, there is no particular limitation on the electrode 471. Further, in FIG. 1B, an insulating layer 473 functions as a partition for insulating the first electrodes of the adjacent pixels from each other.

Further, FIG. 1C illustrates an example different from FIG. 1A in the material and the width of the second gate electrode. In FIG. 1C, as a material for an electrode 476 which functions as a second gate electrode of a thin film transistor 433, a metal material (an element selected from aluminum (Al), copper (Cu), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), or an alloy containing any of the above-described elements as its component) is used. A width of the second gate electrode in a cross section is smaller than that in FIG. 1B. When the width is still smaller than that in FIG. 1B, it is possible to form the second gate electrode so as not to overlap with the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410 with the second gate insulating layer 412 therebetween, and thus the parasitic capacitance can further be reduced. The width of the electrode 476 illustrated in FIG. 1C is smaller than a distance between the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410. In forming the electrode 476 having such a small width, a process using wet etching or the like is preferably performed so that both ends of the electrode 476 are positioned on an inner portion than end portions of a resist mask. However, in FIG. 1C, since a metal material different from that of the pixel electrode 110 is used, one more photolithography process is added to form the electrode 476, and one more mask is needed.

By using the thin film transistor including the oxide semiconductor interposed between the two gate electrodes above and below the oxide semiconductor for a peripheral circuit such as a gate line driver circuit or a source line driver circuit, or a pixel portion, which is used for a liquid crystal display device, a light-emitting display device, or electronic paper, high speed driving or low power consumption can be achieved. Further, both the pixel portion and the driver circuit can be provided over the same substrate without greatly increasing the number of steps. By providing various circuits in addition to the pixel portion over the same substrate, manufacturing cost of a display device can be reduced.

By providing the source regions and drain regions over and under the source electrode and the drain electrode, a junction between the source electrode or the drain electrode that is a metal layer and the oxide semiconductor layer is favorable and has a higher operation stability even in terms of heat than Schottky junction. In addition, it is important to provide the source regions and the drain regions in order to supply carriers to the channel (on the source side), stably absorb carriers from the channel (on the drain side), or prevent resistance from being formed at an interface with the source electrode (or the drain electrode). Further, provision of a low-resistance oxide semiconductor layer (an n⁺ layer) allows good mobility to be kept even at high drain voltage.

Embodiment 2

Although one thin film transistor has been described as the thin film transistor in the driver circuit in Embodiment 1, an example of forming an inverter circuit of a driver circuit with use of two n-channel thin film transistors will be described below in Embodiment 2. A thin film transistor illustrated in FIG. 2A is the same as the thin film transistor 430 illustrated in FIG. 1A of Embodiment 1; therefore, the same parts are denoted by the same reference numerals.

The driver circuit for driving a pixel portion is formed using an inverter circuit, a capacitor, a resistor, and the like. When the inverter circuit is formed using two n-channel TFTs in combination, there are an inverter circuit having a combination of an enhancement type transistor and a depletion type transistor (hereinafter, referred to as an EDMOS circuit) and an inverter circuit having a combination of two enhancement type TFTs (hereinafter, referred to as an EEMOS circuit).

A cross-sectional structure of the inverter circuit of the driver circuit is illustrated in FIG. 2A. Note that the thin film transistor 430 and a second thin film transistor 431 illustrated in FIG. 2A to 2C are inverted-staggered thin film transistors, and are examples of thin film transistors in which wirings are provided over a semiconductor layer with a source region and a drain region therebetween.

In FIG. 2A, a first gate electrode 401 and a gate electrode 402 are provided over the substrate 400. The first gate electrode 401 and the gate electrode 402 can be formed to have a single-layer structure or a stacked structure using a metal material such as molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, aluminum, copper, neodymium, or scandium or an alloy material containing any of these as its main component.

As a two-layer stacked structure of the first gate electrode 401 and the gate electrode 402, for example, a two-layer stacked structure in which a molybdenum layer is stacked over an aluminum layer, a two-layer structure in which a molybdenum layer is stacked over a copper layer, a two-layer structure in which a titanium nitride layer or a tantalum nitride layer is stacked over a copper layer, or a two-layer structure in which a titanium nitride layer and a molybdenum layer are stacked is preferable. As a three-layer stacked structure, stacked layers of a tungsten layer or a tungsten nitride layer, an alloy of aluminum and silicon or an alloy of aluminum and titanium, and a titanium nitride layer or a titanium layer is preferable.

In addition, a first wiring 409, a second wiring 410, and a third wiring 411 are provided over the first gate insulating layer 403 covering the first gate electrode 401 and the gate electrode 402. Besides, n⁺ layers 420, 421, and 422 are provided between the first gate insulating layer 403 and the first wiring 409, between the first gate insulating layer 403 and the second wiring 410, and between the first gate insulating layer 403 and the third wiring 411, respectively. The second wiring 410 is connected to the gate electrode 402 through a contact hole 404 formed in the first gate insulating layer 403.

An oxide semiconductor layer 405 is formed over the first wiring 409 and the second wiring 410. In addition, n⁺ layers 423 and 424 are provided between the first wiring 409 and the oxide semiconductor layer 405, and between the second wiring 410 and the oxide semiconductor layer 405, respectively. A second oxide semiconductor layer 407 is formed over the second wiring 410 and the third wiring 411. Further, n⁺ layers 425 and 426 are provided between the second wiring 410 and the oxide semiconductor layer 407, and between the third wiring 411 and the oxide semiconductor layer 407, respectively.

Note that the n⁺ layers 420 to 426 are oxide semiconductor layers having lower resistance than the oxide semiconductor layers 405 or 407 and function as a source region or a drain region. By providing the n⁺ layer between the wiring and the oxide semiconductor layer, a higher operation stability is realized even in terms of heat than Schottky junction.

The thin film transistor 430 includes the first gate electrode 401 and the oxide semiconductor layer 405 overlapping with the first gate electrode 401 with the first gate insulating layer 403 therebetween. The first wiring 409 is a power supply line to which negative voltage VDL is applied (a negative power supply line). This power supply line may be a power supply line with a ground potential (a ground potential power supply line).

Further, the second thin film transistor 431 includes the gate electrode 402 and the second oxide semiconductor layer 407 overlapping with the gate electrode 402 with the first gate insulating layer 403 interposed therebetween. The third wiring 411 is a power supply line to which positive voltage VDH is applied (a positive power supply line).

Further, a top view of the inverter circuit of the driver circuit is illustrated in FIG. 2C. In FIG. 2C, a cross-section taken along a chain line Z1-Z2 corresponds to FIG. 2A.

Further, an equivalent circuit of the EDMOS circuit is illustrated in FIG. 2B. A circuit connection illustrated in FIG. 2A corresponds to that in FIG. 2B, and is an example in which the thin film transistor 430 is an enhancement type n-channel transistor while the second thin film transistor 431 is a depletion type n-channel transistor.

In this embodiment, in order that the thin film transistor 430 can serve as an enhancement type n-channel transistor, the second gate insulating layer 412 is provided over the oxide semiconductor layer 405 and the second gate electrode 470 is provided over the second gate insulating layer 412 so that threshold value of the thin film transistor 430 is controlled by voltage applied to the second gate electrode 470.

Further, the second gate insulating layer 412 also functions as a protective layer covering the second oxide semiconductor layer 407.

Note that the example in which the second wiring 410 is directly connected to the gate electrode 402 through the contact hole 404 formed in the first gate insulating layer 403 is illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2C, but, without particular limitations, a connection electrode may be separately provided, thereby electrically connecting the second wiring 410 and the gate electrode 402.

Further, this embodiment mode can be freely combined with Embodiment 1.

Embodiment 3

In Embodiment 3, a display device will be described with reference to block diagrams and the like.

FIG. 3A illustrates an example of a block diagram of an active matrix liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device illustrated in FIG. 3A includes, over a substrate 300, a pixel portion 301 having a plurality of pixels each provided with a display element; a scan line driver circuit 302 which controls a scan line connected to a gate electrode of each pixel; and a signal line driver circuit 303 which controls video signal input to a selected pixel.

FIG. 3B illustrates an example of a block diagram of an active matrix light-emitting display device. The light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 3B includes, over a substrate 310, a pixel portion 311 having a plurality of pixels each provided with a display element; a first scan line driver circuit 312 and a second scan line driver circuit 313, each of which controls a scan line connected to a gate electrode of a pixel; and a signal line driver circuit 314 which controls video signal input to a selected pixel. In a case where two TFTs (thin film transistor) of a switching TFT and a current controlling TFT are arranged in one pixel, in the light-emitting display device illustrated in FIG. 3B, a signal which is input to a first scan line connected to a gate electrode of the switching TFT is generated in the first scan line driver circuit 312, and a signal which is input to a second scan line connected to a gate electrode of the current controlling TFT is generated in the second scan line driver circuit 313. Note that a structure in which the signal input to the first scan line and the signal input to the second scan line are generated in one scan line driver circuit may also be employed. Alternatively, for example, a plurality of the first scan lines used for controlling operation of a switching element may be provided in each pixel, depending on the number of TFTs included in the switching element. In this case, all signals which are input to the plurality of the first scan lines may be generated in one scan line driver circuit, or may be generated separately by a plurality of scan line driver circuits.

Note that modes in which the scan line driver circuit 302, the first scan line driver circuit 312, the second scan line driver circuit 313, and the signal line driver circuits 303 and 314 are formed in the display device are described here; however, part of the scan line driver circuit 302, the first scan line driver circuit 312, or the second scan line driver circuit 313 may be mounted with use of a semiconductor device such as an IC. Alternatively, part of the signal line driver circuits 303 or 314 may be mounted with a semiconductor device such as an IC.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a positional relation between a pixel portion and a protective circuit including a signal input terminal 322, a scan line 323, a signal line 324, and a non-linear element, which constitute the display device. A pixel portion 327 includes scan lines 323 and signal lines 324 which are arranged over a substrate 320 having an insulating surface so as to intersect with each other. Note that the pixel portion 327 corresponds to the pixel portion 301 and the pixel portion 311 illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B.

The pixel portion 301 is connected to the signal line driver circuit 303 by a plurality of signal lines S1 to Sm (not illustrated) which are arranged in columns and extended from the signal line driver circuit 303, and connected to the scan line driver circuit 302 by a plurality of scan lines G1 to Gn (not illustrated) which are arranged in rows and extended from the scan line driver circuit 302. The pixel portion 301 includes a plurality of pixels (not illustrated) arranged in a matrix form by the signal lines S1 to Sm and the scan lines G1 to Gn. Then, each pixel is connected to a signal line Sj (any one of the signal lines S1 to Sm) and a scan line Gi (any one of the scan lines G1 to Gn).

The pixel portion 327 includes a plurality of pixels 328 arranged in a matrix form. The pixel 328 includes a pixel TFT 329 connected to the scan line 323 and the signal line 324, a storage capacitor 330, and a pixel electrode 331.

The pixel structure here illustrates a case where one electrode of the storage capacitor 330 is connected to the pixel TFT 329 and the other electrode thereof is connected to a capacitor line 332. Further, the pixel electrode 331 serves as one electrode which drives a display element (a liquid crystal element, a light-emitting element, a contrast medium (electronic ink), or the like). The other electrode of such a display element is connected to a common terminal 333.

Some protective circuits are provided between the pixel portion 327 and signal line input terminals 322. In addition, other protective circuits are provided between the scan line driver circuit and the pixel portion 327. In this embodiment, a plurality of protective circuits are provided so that the pixel TFT 329 and the like are not broken when surge voltage due to static electricity or the like is applied to the scan line 323, the signal line 324, and a capacitor bus line 337. Therefore, the protective circuits are formed so that charge is released into a common wiring when the surge voltage is applied.

In this embodiment, an example in which a protective circuit 334, a protective circuit 335, and a protective circuit 336 are arranged on a scan line 323 side, on a signal line 324 side, and on a capacitor bus line 337 side, respectively is illustrated. Note that an arrangement position of the protective circuits is not limited thereto. In addition, in a case where the scan line driver circuit is not mounted with use of a semiconductor device such as an IC, the protective circuit 334 is not necessarily provided on the scan line 323 side.

By use of the TFT described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 for these circuits, the following advantages can be obtained.

The driver circuit is roughly divided into a logic circuit portion, and a switch portion or a buffer portion. A TFT provided in the logic circuit portion preferably has a structure in which threshold voltage can be controlled. On the other hand, a TFT provided in the switch portion or the buffer portion preferably has large on-state current. By provision of a driver circuit including the TFTs described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, the threshold voltage of the TFT provided in the logic circuit portion can be controlled, and the on-state current of the TFT provided in the switch portion or the buffer portion can be increased. Furthermore, the TFTs described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 contribute to reducing an area occupied by the driver circuit and narrowing a frame.

A shift register circuit included in the scan line driver circuit is described below.

A shift register circuit illustrated in FIG. 5 includes a plurality of flip-flop circuits 351, a control signal line 352, a control signal line 353, a control signal line 354, a control signal line 355, a control signal line 356, and a reset line 357.

As illustrated in the shift register circuit of FIG. 5, in the flip-flop circuits 351, a start pulse SSP is input to an input terminal IN of the first stage through the control signal line 352, and an output signal terminal S_(out) of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the preceding stage is connected to an input terminal IN of the next stage. Further, a reset terminal RES of the N-th stage (N is a natural number) is connected to an output signal terminal S_(out) of the flip-flop circuit of the (N+3)th stage through the reset line 357. When it is assumed that a first clock signal CLK1 is input to a clock terminal CLK of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the N-th stage through the control signal line 353, a second clock signal CLK2 is input to the clock terminal CLK of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the (N+1)th stage through the control signal line 354. A third clock signal CLK3 is input to the clock terminal CLK of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the (N+2)th stage through the control signal line 355. A fourth clock signal CLK4 is input to the clock terminal CLK of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the (N+3)th stage through the control signal line 356. Then the first clock signal CLK1 is input to the clock terminal CLK of the flip-flop circuit 351 of the (N+4)th stage through the control signal line 353. In addition, the flip-flop circuit 351 of the N-th stage outputs an output SR_(out)N of the flip flop circuit of the N-th stage from a gate output terminal G_(out).

Note that connection between the flip-flop circuits 351, and a power source and a power supply line is not illustrated; however, each flip-flop circuit 351 is supplied with a power supply potential Vdd and a power supply potential GND through the power supply line.

Note that the power supply potential described in this specification corresponds to a potential difference when a reference potential is 0 V. Therefore, the power supply potential is also referred to as power supply voltage, or the power supply voltage is referred to as the power supply potential in some cases.

Note that in this specification, description that “A and B are connected to each other” includes a case where A and B are electrically connected to each other in addition to a case where A and B are directly connected to each other. Here, the description that “A and B are electrically connected to each other” includes the following cases: when an object having any electrical function exists between A and B, A and B have substantially the same potential via the object. Specifically, the description that “A and B are electrically connected to each other” includes cases where A and B are considered to have substantially the same potential in light of circuit operation, e.g., a case where A and B are connected through a switching element such as a TFT and electricity transmission through the switching element causes A and B to have substantially the same potential, a case where A and B are connected via a resistor and a potential difference between potentials generated at both ends of the resistor does not affect operation of a circuit including A and B, and the like.

Next, FIG. 6 illustrates one mode of the flip-flop circuit 351 included in the shift register circuit illustrated in FIG. 5. The flip-flop circuit 351 illustrated in FIG. 6 includes a logic circuit portion 361 and a switch portion 362. The logic circuit portion 361 includes TFTs 363 to 368. Further, the switch portion 362 includes TFTs 369 to 372. Note that the logic circuit portion is a circuit for switching a signal that is output to a switch portion, which is a circuit in the next stage, in response to a signal that is input from an external portion. In addition, the switch portion is a circuit for switching on/off of a TFT which functions as a switch in response to a signal input from an external portion and a control circuit portion, and for outputting current depending on the size and the structure of the TFT.

In the flip-flop circuit 351, an input terminal IN is connected to a gate terminal of the TFT 364 and a gate terminal of the TFT 367. A reset terminal RES is connected to a gate terminal of the TFT 363. A clock terminal CLK is connected to a first terminal of the TFT 369 and a first terminal of the TFT 371. A power supply line through which the power supply potential Vdd is supplied is connected to a first terminal of the TFT 364, and a gate terminal and a second terminal of the TFT 366. A power supply line through which the power supply potential GND is supplied is connected to a second terminal of the TFT 363, a second terminal of the TFT 365, a second terminal of the TFT 367, a second terminal of the TFT 368, a second terminal of the TFT 370, and a second terminal of the TFT 372. Further, a first terminal of the TFT 363, a second terminal of the TFT 364, a first terminal of the TFT 365, a gate terminal of the TFT 368, a gate terminal of the TFT 369, and a gate terminal of the TFT 371 are connected to each other. A first terminal of the TFT 366 is connected to a gate terminal of the TFT 365, a first terminal of the TFT 367, a first terminal of the TFT 368, a gate terminal of the TFT 370, and a gate terminal of the TFT 372. In addition, a gate output terminal G_(out) is connected to a second terminal of the TFT 369 and a first terminal of the TFT 370. An output signal terminal S_(out) is connected to a second terminal of the TFT 371 and a first terminal of the TFT 372.

Note that an example in which the TFTs 363 to 372 are all n-channel TFTs is described here.

Note that a TFT is an element having at least three terminals of a gate, a drain, and a source, and has a channel formation region between a drain region and a source region. Current can flow through the drain region, the channel formation region, and the source region. Here, the source and the drain may be exchanged with each other in some cases depending on a structure, operation conditions of the TFT, or the like; therefore, it is difficult to determine which the source is or which the drain is. Therefore, regions functioning as the source and the drain are not referred to as a source and a drain but referred to, for example, as a first terminal and a second terminal, respectively, in some cases. In such a case, a terminal functioning as a gate is referred to as a gate terminal.

Next, FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a layout view of the flip-flop circuit 351 illustrated in FIG. 6.

The flip-flop circuit of FIG. 7 includes a power supply line 381 through which the power supply potential Vdd is supplied, a reset line 382, the control signal line 353, the control signal line 354, the control signal line 355, the control signal line 356, a control signal line 383, a power supply line 384 through which the power supply potential GND is supplied, the logic circuit portion 361, and the switch portion 362. The logic circuit portion 361 includes the TFTs 363 to 368. The switch portion 362 includes the TFTs 369 to 372. In FIG. 7, a wiring connected to the gate output terminal G_(out) and a wiring connected to the output signal terminal S_(out) are also illustrated.

FIG. 7 illustrates a semiconductor layer 385, a first wiring layer 386, a second wiring layer 387, a third wiring layer 388, and a contact hole 389. Note that the first wiring layer 386 may be formed with a layer of a gate electrode, the second wiring layer 387 may be formed with a layer of source and drain electrodes of a TFT, and the third wiring layer 388 may be formed with a layer of a pixel electrode in the pixel portion. However, without being limited to this example, the third wiring layer 388 may be formed as a layer different from the layer of the pixel electrode for example.

Note that connections between circuit elements in FIG. 7 are as illustrated in FIG. 6. Note that FIG. 7 illustrates the flip-flop circuit to which the first clock signal is input; therefore, connections to the control signal lines 354 to 356 are not illustrated.

In the layout view of the flip-flop circuit of FIG. 7, by controlling threshold voltage of the TFT 366 or the TFT 367 included in the logic circuit portion 361, an EDMOS circuit 373 can be formed. Typically, the EDMOS circuit 373 in which the TFT 366 is a depletion type and the TFT 367 is an enhancement type is formed, and the TFTs 369 to 372 included in the switch portion 362 are dual-gate TFTs or depletion type TFTs. Note that in FIG. 6, the TFT 366 and the TFT 367 in the EDMOS circuit 373 are different from the TFTs in the EDMOS circuit illustrated in FIGS. 2A to 2C in a connection position of the gate electrode of the depletion type TFT.

The TFT 366 or the TFT 367 is formed so as to be a dual-gate TFT and a potential of a back-gate electrode is controlled, so that a depletion type TFT or an enhancement type TFT can be formed.

In FIG. 7, a control signal line 390 which has the same potential as a back-gate electrode for controlling the threshold voltage of the TFT 366 is separately provided to form a depletion type. The TFT 366 is a dual-gate TFT, and a potential of the back-gate electrode is different from a potential of the power supply line 381 through which the power supply potential Vdd that is applied to the gate electrode is supplied.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example in which the TFTs 369 to 372 are dual-gate TFTs and the back-gate electrodes and the gate electrodes have the same potentials, and a potential of each of the back-gate electrodes is the same potential as that of the power supply line through which the power supply potential Vdd that is applied to the gate electrode is supplied.

In this manner, TFTs arranged in the pixel portion and the driver circuit of the display device can be formed using only n-channel TFTs in which an oxide semiconductor layer is used.

Further, the TFT 366 in the logic circuit portion 361 is a TFT for supplying current in response to the power supply potential Vdd. The TFT 366 is formed to be a dual-gate TFT or a depletion type TFT to increase the flowing current, whereby miniaturization of the TFT can be achieved without reducing performance.

Further, in the TFTs included in the switch portion 362, the amount of current flowing in the TFTs can be increased and switching of on/off can be performed at high speed; therefore, an area occupied by the TFTs can be reduced without reducing performance. Accordingly, an area occupied by the circuit including the TFTs can also be reduced. Note that the TFTs 369 to 372 in the switch portion 362 may be formed to be dual-gate TFTs such that the semiconductor layer 385 is interposed between the first wiring layer 386 and the third wiring layer 388 as illustrated in the drawing.

The example that the dual-gate TFTs each have a structure in which the semiconductor layer 385 is interposed between the first wiring layer 386 and the third wiring layer 388 which have the same potential by being connected to each other through the contact hole 389 is illustrated in FIG. 7. However, there is no particular limitation; for example, a structure in which a control signal line is separately provided for the third wiring layer 388 to control a potential of the third wiring layer 388 independently from the first wiring layer 386 may be employed.

Note that in the layout view of the flip-flop circuit illustrated in FIG. 7, the shapes of the channel formation regions of the TFTs 363 to 372 may be U shapes (reversed C shapes or horseshoe shapes). In addition, although all the TFTs have the same size in FIG. 7, the size of each TFT which is connected to the output signal terminal S_(out) or the gate output terminal G_(out) may be changed as appropriate in accordance with the amount of a load of a subsequent stage.

Next, operation of the shift register circuit illustrated in FIG. 5 is described with reference to a timing chart illustrated in FIG. 8. FIG. 8 illustrates the start pulse SSP and the first to fourth clock signals CLK1 to CLK4, which are supplied to the control signal lines 352 to 356 illustrated in FIG. 5, respectively, and the Sout 1 to Sout 5 output from the output signal terminals S_(out) of the flip-flop circuits of the first to fifth stages. Note that in description of FIG. 8, the reference numerals denoting the respective elements in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 are used.

Note that FIG. 8 is a timing chart in the case where each TFT included in the flip-flop circuits is an n-channel TFT. Further, the first clock signal CLK1 is shifted from the fourth clock signal CLK4 by ¼ wavelength (a section divided by dotted lines) as illustrated.

First, in a period T1, the start pulse SSP is input to the flip-flop circuit of the first stage at an H level, and the logic circuit portion 361 turns the TFTs 369 and 371 on and the TFTs 370 and 372 off in the switch portion. At this time, since the first clock signal CLK1 is at an L level, the Sout 1 is at an L level.

Note that in the period T1, signals are not input to the IN terminals of the flip-flop circuits of the second and subsequent stages, so that the flip-flop circuits output L levels without operation. Note that description is made assuming that each flip-flop circuit of the shift register circuit outputs an L level in an initial state.

Next, in a period T2, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 in the flip-flop circuit of the first stage in a manner similar to the period T1. In the period T2, the first clock signal CLK1 is at an H level, and thus the Sout 1 is at an H level. Further, in the period T2, the Sout 1 is input to the IN terminal of the flip-flop circuit of the second stage at an H level, and the logic circuit portion 361 turns the TFTs 369 and 371 on and the TFTs 370 and 372 off in the switch portion. At this time, since the second clock signal CLK2 is at an L level, the Sout 2 is at an L level.

Note that in the period T2, signals are not input to the IN terminals of the flip-flop circuits of the third and subsequent stages, so that the flip-flop circuits output L levels without operation.

Next, in a period T3, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 so that a state of the period T2 is held in the flip-flop circuit of the first stage. Therefore, in the period T3, the first clock signal CLK1 is at an H level and the Sout 1 is at an H level. Further, in the period T3, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 in the flip-flop circuit of the second stage in a manner similar to the period T2. In the period T3, since the second clock signal CLK2 is at an H level, the Sout 2 is at an H level. In addition, the Sout 2 is input to the IN terminal of the flip-flop circuit of the third stage at an H level in the period T3, and the logic circuit portion 361 turns the TFTs 369 and 371 on and the TFTs 370 and 372 off in the switch portion. At this time, the third clock signal CLK3 is at an L level, and thus the Sout 3 is at an L level.

Note that in the period T3, signals are not input to the IN terminals of the flip-flop circuits of the fourth and subsequent stages, so that the flip-flop circuits output L levels without operation.

Next, in the period T4, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 so that a state of the period T3 is held in the flip-flop circuit of the first stage. Therefore, in the period T4, the first clock signal CLK1 is at an L level and the Sout 1 is at an L level. Further, in the period T4, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 so that a state of the period T3 is held in the flip-flop circuit of the second stage. Therefore, in the period T4, the second clock signal CLK2 is at an H level and Sout 2 is at an H level. In addition, in the period T4, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 in the flip-flop circuit of the third stage in a manner similar to the period T3. In the period T4, since the third clock signal CLK3 is at an H level, the Sout 3 is at an H level. The Sout 3 is input to the IN terminal of the flip-flop circuit of the fourth stage at an H level in the period T4, and the logic circuit portion 361 turns the TFTs 369 and 371 on and the TFTs 370 and 372 off in the switch portion 362. At this time, since the fourth clock signal CLK4 is at an L level, the Sout 4 is at an L level.

Note that in the period T4, signals are not input to the IN terminals of the flip-flop circuits of the fifth and subsequent stages, so that the flip-flop circuits output L levels without operation.

Next, in a period T5, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 so that a state of the period T3 is held in the flip-flop circuit of the second stage. Therefore, in the period T5, the second clock signal CLK2 is at an L level and the Sout 2 is at an L level. Further, in the period T5, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 so that a state of the period T4 is held in the flip-flop circuit of the third stage. Therefore, in the period T5, the third clock signal CLK3 is at an H level and the Sout 3 is at an H level. In addition, in the period T5, the logic circuit portion 361 controls the switch portion 362 in the flip-flop circuit of the fourth stage in a manner similar to the period T4. In the period T5, since the fourth clock signal CLK4 is at an H level, the Sout 4 is at an H level. The flip-flop circuits of the fifth and subsequent stages have a wiring connection and a timing of signals to be input similar to those of the flip-flop circuits of the first to fourth stages; therefore, description thereof is omitted.

As illustrated in the shift register circuit of FIG. 5, the Sout 4 also functions as a reset signal of the flip-flop circuit of the first stage. In the period T5, the Sout 4 is at an H level and this signal is input to the reset terminal RES of the flip-flop circuit of the first stage. When the reset signal is input, the TFTs 369 and 371 are turned off and the TFTs 370 and 372 are turned on in the switch portion 362. Then, the Sout 1 of the flip-flop circuit of the first stage outputs an L level until input of the next start pulse SSP.

By the above-described operation, in the flip-flop circuits of the second and subsequent stages, the logic circuit portions are also reset based on the reset signals which are output from the flip-flop circuits of subsequent stages. As shown by the Souts 1 to 5, a shift register circuit in which signals having waveforms shifted by ¼ wavelength of the clock signals are output can be formed.

When the flip-flop circuit has a structure in which an EDMOS circuit that is a combination of an enhancement type TFT and a depletion type TFT is provided in the logic circuit portion and a dual-gate TFT is provided in the switch portion, the amount of current flowing in the TFTs included in the logic circuit portion 361 can be increased and an area occupied by the TFTs and furthermore, an area occupied by the circuit including the TFTs can be reduced without reduction in performance. Further, in the TFT included in the switch portion 362, the amount of current flowing in the TFTs can be increased and switching of on/off can be performed at high speed; therefore, an area occupied by the TFTs and furthermore, an area occupied by the circuit including the TFTs can be reduced without reduction in performance. Accordingly, a narrower frame, downsizing, high performance of a display device can be achieved.

Further, a latch circuit, a level shifter circuit, or the like can be provided in the signal line driver circuit illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. A buffer portion is provided in the last stage through which a signal is transmitted from the signal line driver circuit to the pixel portion, and an amplified signal is transmitted from the signal line driver circuit to the pixel portion. Thus, when a TFT having large on-state current, typically a dual-gate TFT or a depletion type TFT is provided in the buffer portion, an area of the TFT can be reduced and an area occupied by the signal line driver circuit can be reduced. Accordingly, a narrow frame, downsizing, and high performance of a display device can be achieved. Note that since high-speed operation is required for the shift register which is part of the signal line driver circuit, the shift register is preferably mounted on a display device by use of an IC or the like.

In addition, this embodiment can be freely combined with Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2.

Embodiment 4

In Embodiment 4, a method for manufacturing a display device including the second thin film transistor 170 described in Embodiment 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 9A to 9C, FIGS. 10A to 10C, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, FIG. 14, FIGS. 15A1, 15A2, 15B1, and 15B2, and FIG. 16.

In FIG. 9A, a glass substrate of barium borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, or the like typified by 7059 glass, 1737 glass, or the like manufactured by Corning, Inc. can be used as a substrate 100 having a light-transmitting property.

Next, after a conductive layer is formed over an entire surface of the substrate 100, a resist mask is formed by a first photolithography step. Then, unnecessary portions are removed by etching, thereby forming wirings and electrodes (a gate wiring including the gate electrode 101, a capacitor wiring 108, and a first terminal 121). At this time, etching is performed so that at least an end portion of the gate electrode 101 is tapered. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 9A. Note that FIG. 11 is a top view at this stage. Note also that since a large amount of resist material and developing solution is used in order to improve uniformity of the resist film, a large amount of material is excessively consumed in the case of forming a resist mask by a spin coating method. In a film formation method using a spin coating method, the increase in size of a substrate will be particularly disadvantageous in mass production because a mechanism for rotating a large substrate becomes large, and loss and waste amount of a material liquid increase. Moreover, when a film is formed by spin-coating a rectangular substrate, circular unevenness with a rotating axis as a center is likely to appear in the film. Thus, it is preferable that a resist material film be selectively formed by a screen printing method or a droplet discharge method such as an ink jet method, and then a resist mask be formed through exposure to light. By forming the resist material film selectively, reduction in consumption of the resist material can be achieved; thus, the cost can be greatly reduced. At the same time, such a large substrate having a size of 1000 mm×1200 mm, 1100 mm×1250 mm, or 1150 mm×1300 mm can be used.

The gate wiring including the gate electrode 101, the capacitor wiring 108, and the first terminal 121 in the terminal portion are desirably formed of a low-resistant conductive material such as aluminum (Al) or copper (Cu). However, aluminum itself has the disadvantages of low heat resistance, being easily corroded, and the like; thus, it is used in combination with a conductive material having heat resistance. As the conductive material having heat resistance, it is possible to use an element selected from titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), molybdenum (Mo), chromium (Cr), neodymium (Nd), and scandium (Sc), an alloy containing any of these elements as its component, an alloy film containing a combination of any of these elements, or a nitride containing any of these elements as its component.

Then, the gate insulating layer 102 is entirely formed over the gate electrode 101. The gate insulating layer 102 is formed to a thickness of 50 nm to 400 nm by a sputtering method or the like. When yield of the thin film transistor is prioritized, the thickness of the gate insulating layer 102 is preferably large.

For example, as the gate insulating layer 102, a silicon oxide film is formed to a thickness of 100 nm by a sputtering method. It is needless to say that the gate insulating layer 102 is not limited to such a silicon oxide film, and another insulating film such as a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, or a tantalum oxide film may be used to form a single-layer structure or a stacked structure. When a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride film, or the like is used as the gate insulating layer 102, an impurity from the glass substrate, sodium for example, can be preventing from diffusing into and entering an oxide semiconductor to be formed later.

Next, a second photolithography step is conducted to form a resist mask, and unnecessary portions are removed by etching to form a contact hole which reaches an electrode or a wiring made of the same materials as the gate electrode. The contact hole is provided for direct connection with a conductive film to be formed later. For example, a contact hole is formed when a thin film transistor whose gate electrode is in direct contact with the source or drain electrode is formed in the driver circuit portion, or when a terminal that is electrically connected to a gate wiring is formed in the terminal portion. In this embodiment, the example of forming the contact hole for direct connection with the conductive film to be formed later by the second photolithography step is described, but there is no particular limitation and the contact hole which reaches the gate electrode layer may be formed later at the same process as a contact hole for connection with the pixel electrode, and electrical connection may be performed with use of the same material as the pixel electrode. In the case where electrical connection is performed with use of the same material as the pixel electrode, one mask can be reduced.

Next, a first n⁺ film (In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film in this embodiment) is formed by a sputtering method over the gate insulating layer 102. Sputtering deposition of the n⁺ film is performed under the condition where a target includes indium oxide (In₂O₃), gallium oxide (Ga₂O₃), and zinc oxide (ZnO) at a ratio of 1:1:1 (=In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO), the pressure in a deposition chamber is set at 0.4 Pa, the electric power is set at 500 W, the deposition temperature is set to room temperature, and the argon gas flow rate is set at 40 sccm. Although the target of In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1 is used intentionally, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film including a crystal grain which has a size of 1 nm to 10 nm just after the film formation is obtained in some cases. It can be said that control of the presence or absence of crystal grains and the density of crystal grains and adjustment of the diameter of the crystal grain within 1 nm to 10 nm can be done by adjusting as appropriate, the deposition condition of reactive sputtering, such as the target composition ratio, the deposition pressure (0.1 Pa to 2.0 Pa), the electric power (250 W to 3000 W: 8 inchesφ), the temperature (room temperature to 100° C.), or the like. The thickness of the first n⁺ film is set to 5 nm to 20 nm. Needless to say, the size of a grain included in the film does not exceed the film thickness. In this embodiment, the first n⁺ film has a thickness of 5 nm.

Next, a conductive film of a metal material is formed over the first n⁺ film by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. Here, the conductive film has a three-layer structure of a Ti film, an aluminum film containing Nd, and a Ti film. As a material for the conductive film, an element selected from Al, Cr, Ta, Ti, Mo, and W; an alloy containing any of the above elements as its component; an alloy film containing a combination of any of the above elements; and the like can be given. Further, the conductive film may have a two-layer structure, and a titanium film may be stacked over an aluminum film. Alternatively, the conductive film may have a single-layer structure of an aluminum film containing silicon or a single-layer structure of a titanium film.

Next, a second n⁺ film (In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film in this embodiment) is formed by a sputtering method over the conductive film. This second n⁺ film can be formed under the same condition as the first n⁺ film. As the second n⁺ film, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film which may include a crystal grain having a size of 1 nm to 10 nm just after the film formation is used. The thickness of the second n⁺ film is set to 5 nm to 20 nm. In this embodiment, the second n⁺ film has a thickness of 5 nm.

The gate insulating layer 102, the first n⁺ film, the conductive film, and the second n⁺ film can be successively formed without being exposed to air by using a sputtering method and appropriately changing gases to be introduced to, or targets placed in, a chamber. The successive film formation without exposure to air can prevent an impurity from being mixed. In the case of successive film formation without exposure to air, a manufacturing apparatus of multichamber type is preferable.

Note that in this embodiment the conductive film is formed to be interposed between the first and second n⁺ films which are each formed of an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film. Here, the conductive film may have a single-layer structure of an aluminum film because the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film can function as barrier metal. When such a single-layer structure of an aluminum film is formed as the conductive film by a sputtering method, only one kind of target is used in the chamber. As a result, cost reduction can be realized.

Next, a resist mask is formed by a third photolithography step. Then, unnecessary portions are removed by etching, thereby forming a first source region 106 a, a first drain region 106 b, a source electrode layer 105 a, a drain electrode layer 105 b, and n⁺ layers 141 a and 141 b as second n⁺ films. Wet etching or dry etching is employed as an etching method at this time. Here, wet etching is performed using ITO-07N (product of Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) so as to form the n⁺ layers 141 a and 141 b; then, an ammonium hydrogen peroxide mixture (hydrogen peroxide:ammonium:water=5:2:2) is used as an etchant for the Ti films, and a solution in which phosphoric acid, acetic acid, and nitric acid are mixed is used for etching of the aluminum film containing Nd. By this wet etching, the conductive film in which the Ti film, the Al—Nd film, and the Ti film are sequentially stacked is etched, thereby forming the source electrode layer 105 a and the drain electrode layer 105 b. After that, wet etching is performed using ITO-07N (product of Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.) and the same resist mask so as to form the first source region 106 a and the first drain region 106 b. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 9B. Note that FIG. 12 is a top view at this stage.

In the terminal portion, a connection electrode 120 is directly connected to the first terminal 121 in the terminal portion through the contact hole formed in the gate insulating layer. An n⁺ layer 145 as a second n⁺ film is left over the connection electrode 120. An n⁺ layer 143 as a first n⁺ film, which exists under the connection electrode 120 and overlaps with the first terminal 121, is left. Over a second terminal 122, an n⁺ layer 144 as a second n⁺ film is left. Under the second terminal 122, an n⁺ layer 142 as a first n⁺ film is left. Note that although not illustrated here, a source wiring or a drain wiring, and a gate electrode of the thin film transistor in the driver circuit are directly connected through the same steps as the above-described steps. In the capacitor portion, the first and second n⁺ films which overlap with the capacitor wiring 108 are removed.

Next, after removal of the resist mask, plasma treatment is preferably performed to remove dust and the like attached to the surface. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 9C. Here, reverse sputtering in which an argon gas is introduced and plasma is generated with an RF power is performed, so that the exposed gate insulating layer is subjected to plasma treatment.

The n⁺ layers 141 a and 141 b as second n⁺ films are formed over the source electrode layer 105 a and the drain electrode layer 105 b; thus, plasma damage is reduced. In addition, because the n⁺ layers 141 a and 141 b as second n⁺ films are provided, an increase in wiring resistance due to oxidation of the source electrode layer 105 a and the drain electrode layer 105 b can be suppressed.

Next, after the plasma treatment, an oxide semiconductor film is formed. The oxide semiconductor film formed without being exposed to air after the plasma treatment, can avoid the trouble that dust or the like adheres to the interface between the gate insulating layer and the oxide semiconductor film. Here, the oxide semiconductor film is formed in an argon atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere under the condition where the target is an oxide semiconductor target containing In (indium), Ga (gallium), and Zn (zinc) (In₂O₃:Ga₂O₃:ZnO=1:1:1) with a diameter of 8 inches, the distance between the substrate and the target is set at 170 mm, the pressure is set at 0.4 Pa, and the direct current (DC) power supply is set at 0.5 kW. Note that a pulse direct current (DC) power supply is preferable because dust can be reduced and the film thickness can be uniform. The thickness of the oxide semiconductor film is set to from 5 nm to 200 nm. The thickness of the oxide semiconductor film in this embodiment is 100 nm.

Next, a resist mask is formed by a fourth photolithography step. Then, unnecessary portions are removed by etching, thereby forming an oxide semiconductor layer 103. Here, unnecessary portions are removed by wet etching using ITO-07N (product of Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.), thereby forming the oxide semiconductor layer 103. Note that the same etchant is used for the first n⁺ films, the second n⁺ films, and the oxide semiconductor film; thus, by this etching, a part of the first n⁺ film and a part of the second n⁺ film are removed. Remaining parts of the second n⁺ films which are covered with the oxide semiconductor film serve as a second source region 146 a and a second drain region 146 b. Note that etching here is not limited to wet etching and dry etching may also be performed. After that, the resist mask is removed.

In this fourth photolithography step, a second terminal that is made of the same material as the source or drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b remains in the terminal portion. Note that the second terminal 122 is electrically connected to a source wiring (a source wiring including the source or drain electrode layers 105 a and 105 b).

In the terminal portion, the connection electrode 120 is directly connected to the first terminal 121 in the terminal portion through the contact hole formed in the gate insulating film. Note that although not illustrated here, a source wiring or a drain wiring, and a gate electrode of the thin film transistor in the driver circuit are directly connected through the same steps as the above-described steps.

Next, heat treatment is preferably performed at 200 to 600° C., typically, 300 to 500° C. For example, heat treatment is performed in a nitrogen atmosphere in a furnace at 350° C. for 1 hour. Through the above steps, a thin film transistor 170 in which the oxide semiconductor layer 103 serves as a channel formation region can be manufactured. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 10A. Note that FIG. 13 is a top view at this stage. Note that the timing of the heat treatment is not particularly limited as long as it is after the formation of the oxide semiconductor film. The heat treatment may be performed, for example, after formation of a protective insulating film.

Furthermore, the exposed surface of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 may be subjected to oxygen radical treatment, so that a normally-off thin film transistor can be obtained. In addition, the radical treatment can repair damage due to the etching of the oxide semiconductor layer 103. The radical treatment is preferably performed in an atmosphere of O₂ or N₂O, and more preferably an atmosphere of N₂, He, or Ar each containing oxygen. The radical treatment may also be performed in an atmosphere in which Cl₂ and/or CF₄ is/are added to the above atmosphere. Note that the radical treatment is preferably performed with no bias applied.

Next, a protective insulating layer 107 is formed to cover the second thin film transistor 170. For the protective insulating layer 107, a single layer or a stacked layer of a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, an aluminum oxynitride film, a tantalum oxide film, or the like, which is obtained by a sputtering method or the like can be used. In the thin film transistor in part of the driver circuit, the protective insulating layer 107 functions as a second gate insulating layer and a second gate electrode is formed thereover. The protective insulating layer 107 has a thickness of 50 nm to 400 nm. When yield of the thin film transistor is prioritized, the thickness of the protective insulating layer 107 is preferably large. Further, when a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride film, or the like is used as the protective insulating layer 107, impurities attached for some reason after the formation of the protective insulating layer 107, e.g., sodium, can be prevented from diffusing into and entering the oxide semiconductor.

Then, a fifth photolithography step is conducted to form a resist mask, and the protective insulating layer 107 is etched to form a contact hole 125 reaching the drain electrode layer 105 b. In addition, a contact hole 126 reaching the connection electrode 120 and a contact hole 127 reaching the second terminal 122 are also formed by this etching. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 10B.

Next, the resist mask is removed, and then a transparent conductive film is formed. The transparent conductive film is formed of indium oxide (In₂O₃), indium oxide-tin oxide alloy (In₂O₃—SnO₂, abbreviated to ITO), or the like by a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, or the like. Such a material is etched with a hydrochloric acid-based solution. However, since a residue is easily generated particularly in etching ITO, indium oxide-zinc oxide alloy (In₂O₃—ZnO) may be used to improve etching processability.

Next, a sixth photolithography step is conducted to form a resist mask, and unnecessary portions are removed by etching, thereby forming the pixel electrode 110 in the pixel portion. In the sixth photolithography step, in the driver circuit, the same material as that of the pixel electrode 110 is used for part of the circuit to form an electrode layer (a back-gate electrode) for controlling the threshold value over the oxide semiconductor layer. Note that the thin film transistor having the back-gate electrode is described in Embodiment 1 with reference to FIG. 1A; therefore, detailed description thereof is omitted here.

In the sixth photolithography step, a storage capacitor is formed from the capacitor wiring 108 and the pixel electrode 110 by using the gate insulating layer 102 and the protective insulating layer 107 in the capacitor portion as dielectrics. Note that an example in which the storage capacitor is formed from the capacitor wiring 108 and the pixel electrode 110 by using the gate insulating layer 102 and the protective insulating layer 107 as the dielectrics is described here. However, there is no particular limitation and a structure may also be employed in which an electrode formed of the same material as the source electrode or the drain electrode is provided above the capacitor wiring and a storage capacitor is formed from the electrode and the capacitor wiring by using the gate insulating layer 102 therebetween as a dielectric, thereby electrically connecting the electrode and the pixel electrode.

Furthermore, in the sixth photolithography step, the first terminal and the second terminal are covered with the resist mask so that transparent conductive films 128 and 129 are left in the terminal portion. The transparent conductive films 128 and 129 function as electrodes or wirings connected to an FPC. The transparent conductive film 128 formed over the connection electrode 120 which is directly connected to the first terminal 121 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal of the gate wiring. The transparent conductive film 129 formed over the second terminal 122 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal of the source wiring.

Then, the resist mask is removed. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 10C. Note that FIG. 14 is a top view at this stage.

FIGS. 15A1 and 15A2 respectively illustrate a cross-sectional view and a top view of a gate wiring terminal portion at this stage. FIG. 15A1 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line C1-C2 of FIG. 15A2. In FIG. 15A1, a transparent conductive film 155 formed over a protective insulating film 154 is a connection terminal electrode functioning as an input terminal. Further, in the terminal portion of FIG. 15A1, a first terminal 151 made of the same material as the gate wiring and a connection electrode 153 made of the same material as the source wiring overlap with each other with a gate insulating layer 152 and an n⁺ layer 160 made of the same material as the first source region therebetween, and are electrically connected. In addition, the connection electrode 153 and the transparent conductive film 155 are in direct contact with each other through a contact hole provided in the protective insulating film 154 so as to be electrically connected.

FIGS. 15B1 and 15B2 respectively illustrate a cross-sectional view and a top view of a source wiring terminal portion. FIG. 15B1 is a cross-sectional view taken along a line D1-D2 of FIG. 15B2. In FIG. 15B1, the transparent conductive film 155 formed over the protective insulating film 154 is a connection terminal electrode functioning as an input terminal. Further, in the terminal portion of FIG. 15B1, an electrode 156 made of the same material as the gate wiring is formed below a second terminal 150 which is electrically connected to the source wiring and overlaps with the second terminal 150 with an n⁺ layer 161 and the gate insulating layer 152 interposed therebetween. The electrode 156 is not electrically connected to the second terminal 150, and a capacitor to prevent noise or static electricity can be formed if the potential of the electrode 156 is set to a potential different from that of the second terminal 150, such as floating, GND, or 0 V. The second terminal 150 is electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 155 with the protective insulating film 154 therebetween.

A plurality of gate wirings, source wirings, and capacitor wirings are provided depending on the pixel density. Also in the terminal portion, the first terminal at the same potential as the gate wiring, the second terminal at the same potential as the source wiring, the third terminal at the same potential as the capacitor wiring, and the like are each arranged in plurality. The number of each of the terminals may be any number, and the number of the terminals may be determined by a practitioner as appropriate.

Through these six photolithography steps, the second thin film transistor 170 which is a bottom-gate n-channel thin film transistor and the storage capacitor can be completed using the six photomasks. By disposing the thin film transistor and the storage capacitor in each pixel of a pixel portion in which pixels are arranged in a matrix form, one of substrates for manufacturing an active matrix display device can be obtained. In this specification, such a substrate is referred to as an active matrix substrate for convenience.

When electrical connection to the gate wiring by using the same material as the pixel electrode is conducted, the third photolithography step can be omitted. Therefore, through the five photolithography steps, the second thin film transistor which is a bottom-gate n-channel thin film transistor and the storage capacitor can be completed using the five photomasks.

Further, when a material of the second gate electrode is different from a material of the pixel electrode as illustrated in FIG. 1C, one photolithography step is added, so that one photomask is added.

In the case of manufacturing an active matrix liquid crystal display device, an active matrix substrate and a counter substrate provided with a counter electrode are bonded to each other with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. Note that a common electrode electrically connected to the counter electrode on the counter substrate is provided over the active matrix substrate, and a fourth terminal electrically connected to the common electrode is provided in the terminal portion. The fourth terminal is provided so that the common electrode is set to a fixed potential such as GND or 0 V.

Further, the pixel structure is not limited to that of FIG. 14, and an example of a top view which is different from FIG. 14 is illustrated in FIG. 16. FIG. 16 illustrates an example in which a capacitor wiring is not provided but a pixel electrode overlaps with a gate wiring of an adjacent pixel, with a protective insulating film and a gate insulating layer therebetween to form a storage capacitor. In that case, the capacitor wiring and the third terminal connected to the capacitor wiring can be omitted. Note that in FIG. 16, the same parts as those in FIG. 14 are denoted by the same reference numerals.

In an active matrix liquid crystal display device, pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix form are driven to form a display pattern on a screen. Specifically, voltage is applied between a selected pixel electrode and a counter electrode corresponding to the pixel electrode, so that a liquid crystal layer provided between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is optically modulated and this optical modulation is recognized as a display pattern by an observer.

In displaying moving images, a liquid crystal display device has a problem that a long response time of liquid crystal molecules themselves causes afterimages or blurring of moving images. In order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving method called black insertion is employed in which black is displayed on the whole screen every other frame period.

Alternatively, a driving method called double-frame rate driving may be employed in which a vertical synchronizing frequency is 1.5 times or more, preferably, 2 times or more as high as usual to improve the moving-image characteristics.

Further alternatively, in order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving method may be employed, in which a plurality of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) or a plurality of EL light sources are used to form a surface light source as a backlight, and each light source of the surface light source is independently driven in a pulsed manner in one frame period. As the surface light source, three or more kinds of LEDs may be used and an LED emitting white light may be used. Since a plurality of LEDs can be controlled independently, the light emission timing of LEDs can be synchronized with the timing at which a liquid crystal layer is optically modulated. According to this driving method, LEDs can be partly turned off; therefore, an effect of reducing power consumption can be obtained particularly in the case of displaying an image having a large part on which black is displayed.

By combining these driving methods, the display characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, such as moving-image characteristics, can be improved as compared to those of conventional liquid crystal display devices.

The n-channel transistor obtained in this embodiment uses an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film for its channel formation region and has favorable dynamic characteristics. Accordingly, these driving methods can be applied in combination with the n-channel transistor of this embodiment.

In manufacturing a light-emitting display device, one electrode (also referred to as a cathode) of an organic light-emitting element is set to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V; thus, a terminal portion is provided with a fourth terminal for setting the cathode to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V. Also in manufacturing a light-emitting display device, a power supply line is provided in addition to a source wiring and a gate wiring. Accordingly, the terminal portion is provided with a fifth terminal electrically connected to the power supply line.

With use of the thin film transistor using the oxide semiconductor in a gate line driver circuit or a source line driver circuit, manufacturing cost is reduced. Then, by directly connecting a gate electrode of the thin film transistor used in the driver circuit with a source wiring or a drain wiring, the number of contact holes can be reduced, so that a display device in which an area occupied by the driver circuit is reduced can be provided.

Accordingly, by applying this embodiment, a display device with excellent electric characteristics can be provided at lower cost.

This embodiment can be freely combined with any of Embodiment 1, Embodiment 2, and Embodiment 3.

Embodiment 5

In Embodiment 5, an example of electronic paper as a semiconductor device will be described.

FIG. 17 illustrates active matrix electronic paper as an example, which is different from a liquid crystal display device. A thin film transistor 581 used in a pixel portion of the semiconductor device can be formed in a manner similar to the thin film transistor of the pixel portion described in Embodiment 4 and is a thin film transistor including an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film as a semiconductor layer. In addition, as described in Embodiment 1, the pixel portion and a driver circuit can be formed over the same substrate, whereby electronic paper with low manufacturing cost can be realized.

The electronic paper in FIG. 17 is an example of a display device using a twisting ball display system. The twisting ball display system refers to a method in which spherical particles each colored in black and white are arranged between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer which are electrode layers used for a display element, and a potential difference is generated between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer to control orientation of the spherical particles, so that display is performed.

The thin film transistor 581 is a thin film transistor with a bottom gate structure provided, and a source or drain electrode layer thereof is in contact with a first electrode layer 587 in an opening formed in insulating layers 583, 584, and 585, whereby the thin film transistor 581 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 587. Between the first electrode layer 587 and a second electrode layer 588, spherical particles 589 each having a black region 590 a, a white region 590 b, and a cavity 594 filled with liquid, around the regions, are provided between a pair of substrates 580 and 596. A space around the spherical particles 589 is filled with a filler 595 such as a resin (see FIG. 17).

Further, instead of the twisting ball, an electrophoretic element can also be used. A microcapsule having a diameter of about 10 μm to 200 μm in which transparent liquid, positively charged white microparticles, and negatively charged black microparticles are encapsulated, is used. In the microcapsule which is provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, when an electric field is applied by the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the white microparticles and the black microparticles move to opposite sides, so that white or black can be displayed. A display element using this principle is an electrophoretic display element and is called electronic paper. The electrophoretic display element has higher reflectance than a liquid crystal display element, and thus, an auxiliary light is unnecessary, power consumption is low, and a display portion can be recognized in a dim place. In addition, even when power is not supplied to the display portion, an image which has been displayed once can be maintained. Accordingly, a displayed image can be stored even if a semiconductor device having a display function (which may be referred to simply as a display device or a semiconductor device provided with a display device) is distanced from an electric wave source.

Through this process, electronic paper, which can be manufactured at lower cost, as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.

This embodiment can be combined with any content of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 as appropriate.

Embodiment 6

In Embodiment 6, an example of a light-emitting display device as a semiconductor device will be described. As a display element included in a display device, a light-emitting element utilizing electroluminescence is described here. Light-emitting elements utilizing electroluminescence are classified according to whether a light-emitting material is an organic compound or an inorganic compound. In general, the former is referred to as an organic EL element, and the latter is referred to as an inorganic EL element.

In an organic EL element, by application of voltage to a light-emitting element, electrons and holes are separately injected from a pair of electrodes into a layer containing a light-emitting organic compound, and current flows. The carriers (electrons and holes) are recombined, and thus, the light-emitting organic compound is excited. The light-emitting organic compound returns to a ground state from the excited state, thereby emitting light. Owing to such a mechanism, this light-emitting element is referred to as a current-excitation light-emitting element.

The inorganic EL elements are classified according to their element structures into a dispersion-type inorganic EL element and a thin-film inorganic EL element. A dispersion-type inorganic EL element has a light-emitting layer where particles of a light-emitting material are dispersed in a binder, and its light emission mechanism is donor-acceptor recombination type light emission that utilizes a donor level and an acceptor level. A thin-film inorganic EL element has a structure where a light-emitting layer is sandwiched between dielectric layers, which are further sandwiched between electrodes, and its light emission mechanism is localized type light emission that utilizes inner-shell electron transition of metal ions. Note that an example of an organic EL element as a light-emitting element is described here.

FIG. 18 illustrates an example of a pixel structure to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied, as an example of a semiconductor device.

A structure and operation of a pixel to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied are described. In this embodiment, one pixel includes two n-channel transistors each of which includes an oxide semiconductor layer (an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film) as its channel formation region.

A pixel 6400 includes a switching transistor 6401, a driver transistor 6402, a light-emitting element 6404, and a capacitor 6403. A gate of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a scan line 6406, a first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a signal line 6405, and a second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a gate of the driver transistor 6402. The gate of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to a power supply line 6407 via the capacitor 6403, a first electrode of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to the power supply line 6407, and a second electrode of the driver transistor 6402 is connected to a first electrode (pixel electrode) of the light-emitting element 6404. A second electrode of the light-emitting element 6404 corresponds to a common electrode 6408.

The second electrode (common electrode 6408) of the light-emitting element 6404 is set to a low power supply potential. Note that the low power supply potential is a potential satisfying the low power supply potential<a high power supply potential with reference to the high power supply potential that is set to the power supply line 6407. As the low power supply potential, GND, 0 V, or the like may be employed, for example. A potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is applied to the light-emitting element 6404 and current is supplied to the light-emitting element 6404, so that the light-emitting element 6404 emits light. Here, in order to make the light-emitting element 6404 emit light, each potential is set so that the potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is a forward threshold voltage or higher of the light-emitting element 6404.

Note that gate capacitor of the driver transistor 6402 may be used as a substitute for the capacitor 6403, so that the capacitor 6403 can be omitted. The gate capacitor of the driver transistor 6402 may be formed between the channel region and the gate electrode.

In the case of a voltage-input voltage driving method, a video signal is input to the gate of the driver transistor 6402 so that the driver transistor 6402 is in either of two states of being sufficiently turned on or turned off. That is, the driver transistor 6402 operates in a linear region. Since the driver transistor 6402 operates in the linear region, a voltage higher than the voltage of the power supply line 6407 is applied to the gate of the driver transistor 6402. Note that a voltage higher than or equal to (voltage of the power supply line+Vth of the driver transistor 6402) is applied to the signal line 6405.

In a case of performing analog grayscale driving instead of digital time grayscale driving, the same pixel structure as that in FIG. 18 can be used by changing signal input.

In the case of performing analog grayscale driving, a voltage higher than or equal to (forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404+Vth of the driver transistor 6402) is applied to the gate of the driver transistor 6402. The forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404 indicates a voltage at which a desired luminance is obtained, and includes at least forward threshold voltage. The video signal by which the driver transistor 6402 operates in a saturation region is input, so that current can be supplied to the light-emitting element 6404. In order for the driver transistor 6402 to operate in the saturation region, the potential of the power supply line 6407 is set higher than the gate potential of the driver transistor 6402. When an analog video signal is used, it is possible to feed current to the light-emitting element 6404 in accordance with the video signal and perform analog grayscale driving.

Note that the pixel structure illustrated in FIG. 18 is not limited thereto. For example, a switch, a resistor, a capacitor, a transistor, a logic circuit, or the like may be added to the pixel illustrated in FIG. 18.

Next, structures of the light-emitting element will be described with reference to FIGS. 19A to 19C. A cross-sectional structure of a pixel will be described by taking a case where the driving TFT is the thin film transistor 170 illustrated in FIG. 1B as an example. Driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021 used for semiconductor devices illustrated in FIGS. 19A to 19C can be formed in a manner similar to the thin film transistor 170 described in Embodiment 1 and are thin film transistors which include In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal films as their semiconductor layers and which have excellent electric characteristics.

In order to extract light emitted from the light-emitting element, at least one of an anode and a cathode is required to transmit light. A thin film transistor and a light-emitting element are formed over a substrate. A light-emitting element can have a top emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate; a bottom emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface on the substrate side; or a dual emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate and the surface on the substrate side. The pixel structure illustrated in FIG. 18 can be applied to a light-emitting element having any of these emission structures.

A light-emitting element having a top emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 19A.

FIG. 19A is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7001 is the thin film transistor 170 illustrated in FIG. 1B and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7002 to an anode 7005 side. In FIG. 19A, a cathode 7003 of the light-emitting element 7002 is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7001, and a light-emitting layer 7004 and the anode 7005 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7003. The cathode 7003 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function and reflect light. For example, Ca, Al, CaF, MgAg, AlLi, or the like is preferably used. The light-emitting layer 7004 may be formed using a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. When the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed using a plurality of layers, the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed by stacking an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a hole-injecting layer in this order over the cathode 7003. It is not necessary to form all of these layers. The anode 7005 is formed using a light-transmitting conductive film such as a film of indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, or indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added.

The light-emitting element 7002 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7004 is sandwiched between the cathode 7003 and the anode 7005. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 19A, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7002 to the anode 7005 side as indicated by an arrow.

A second gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor layer in the driver circuit is preferably formed from the same material as the cathode 7003, which leads to simplification of the process.

Next, a light-emitting element having a bottom emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 19B. FIG. 19B is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7011 is the thin film transistor 170 illustrated in FIG. 1A and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7012 to a cathode 7013 side. In FIG. 19B, the cathode 7013 of the light-emitting element 7012 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7017 that is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7011, and a light-emitting layer 7014 and an anode 7015 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7013. A light-blocking film 7016 for reflecting or blocking light may be formed to cover the anode 7015 when the anode 7015 has a light-transmitting property. For the cathode 7013, a variety of materials can be used as in the case of FIG. 19A as long as they are conductive materials having a low work function. The cathode 7013 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light (preferably, approximately 5 nm to 30 nm). For example, an aluminum film with a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7013. Similar to the case of FIG. 19A, the light-emitting layer 7014 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7015 is not required to transmit light, but can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 19A. As the light-blocking film 7016, a metal or the like that reflects light can be used for example; however, it is not limited to a metal film. For example, a resin or the like to which black pigments are added can also be used.

The light-emitting element 7012 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7014 is sandwiched between the cathode 7013 and the anode 7015. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 19B, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side as indicated by an arrow.

A second gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor layer in the driver circuit is preferably formed from the same material as the cathode 7013, which leads to simplification of the process.

Next, a light-emitting element having a dual emission structure will be described with reference to FIG. 19C. In FIG. 19C, a cathode 7023 of a light-emitting element 7022 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7027 which is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7021, and a light-emitting layer 7024 and an anode 7025 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7023. As in the case of FIG. 19A, the cathode 7023 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function. The cathode 7023 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light. For example, a film of Al having a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7023. As in FIG. 19A, the light-emitting layer 7024 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7025 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 19A.

The light-emitting element 7022 corresponds to a region where the cathode 7023, the light-emitting layer 7024, and the anode 7025 overlap with one another. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 19C, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7022 to both the anode 7025 side and the cathode 7023 side as indicated by arrows.

A second gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor layer in the driver circuit is preferably formed from the same material as the conductive film 7027, which leads to simplification of the process. Further, the second gate electrode provided over the oxide semiconductor layer in the driver circuit is preferably formed with a stack of the same materials as the conductive film 7027 and the cathode 7023, thereby lowering wiring resistance as well as simplification of the process.

Note that, although the organic EL elements are described here as the light-emitting elements, an inorganic EL element can also be provided as a light-emitting element.

In this embodiment, the example is described in which a thin film transistor (a driving TFT) which controls the driving of a light-emitting element is electrically connected to the light-emitting element; however, a structure may be employed in which a TFT for current control is connected between the driving TFT and the light-emitting element.

A semiconductor device described in this embodiment is not limited to the structures illustrated in FIGS. 19A to 19C and can be modified in various ways based on the spirit of techniques disclosed.

Next, a top view and a cross section of a light-emitting display panel (also referred to as a light-emitting panel), which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device, will be described with reference to FIGS. 20A and 20B. FIG. 20A is the top view of a panel in which a thin film transistor and a light-emitting element formed over a first substrate are sealed between the first substrate and a second substrate with a sealant. FIG. 20B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line H-I of FIG. 20A.

A sealant 4505 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4502, signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b which are provided over a first substrate 4501. In addition, a second substrate 4506 is provided over the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b. Accordingly, the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b are sealed together with a filler 4507, by the first substrate 4501, the sealant 4505, and the second substrate 4506. It is preferable that a panel be packaged (sealed) with a protective film (such as a laminate film or an ultraviolet curable resin film) or a cover material with high air-tightness and little degasification so that the panel is not exposed to the outside air, in this manner.

The pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b formed over the first substrate 4501 each include a plurality of thin film transistors. In FIG. 20B, a thin film transistor 4510 included in the pixel portion 4502 and a thin film transistor 4509 included in the signal line driver circuit 4503 a are illustrated.

For each of the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510, a highly reliable thin film transistor including an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film as its semiconductor layer as described in Embodiment 1 can be applied. In addition, the thin film transistor 4509 includes gate electrodes above and below the semiconductor layer as described in Embodiment 1 with reference to FIG. 1B.

Moreover, reference numeral 4511 denotes a light-emitting element. A first electrode layer 4517 which is a pixel electrode included in the light-emitting element 4511 is electrically connected to a source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer of the thin film transistor 4510. Note that a structure of the light-emitting element 4511 is a stacked-layer structure of the first electrode layer 4517, the electroluminescent layer 4512, and the second electrode layer 4513, but there is no particular limitation on the structure. The structure of the light-emitting element 4511 can be changed as appropriate depending on the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511, or the like.

A partition 4520 is formed using an organic resin film, an inorganic insulating film, or organic polysiloxane. It is particularly preferable that the partition 4520 be formed using a photosensitive material and an opening be formed over the first electrode layer 4517 so that a sidewall of the opening is formed as an inclined surface with continuous curvature.

The electroluminescent layer 4512 may be formed with a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked.

A protective film may be formed over the second electrode layer 4513 and the partition 4520 in order to prevent entry of oxygen, hydrogen, moisture, carbon dioxide, or the like into the light-emitting element 4511. As the protective film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a DLC film, or the like can be formed.

In addition, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b, the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b, or the pixel portion 4502 from FPCs 4518 a and 4518 b.

In this embodiment, a connection terminal electrode 4515 is formed from the same conductive film as the first electrode layer 4517 included in the light-emitting element 4511, and a terminal electrode 4516 is formed from the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layers included in the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510.

The connection terminal electrode 4515 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4518 a via an anisotropic conductive film 4519.

The second substrate 4506 located in the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511 should have a light-transmitting property. In that case, a light-transmitting material such as a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polyester film, or an acrylic film is used for the second substrate 4506.

As the filler 4507, an ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used, in addition to an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. For example, PVC (polyvinyl chloride), acrylic, polyimide, an epoxy resin, a silicone resin, PVB (polyvinyl butyral), or EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) can be used.

In addition, if needed, an optical film, such as a polarizing plate, a circularly polarizing plate (including an elliptically polarizing plate), a retardation plate (a quarter-wave plate or a half-wave plate), or a color filter, may be provided as appropriate on a light-emitting surface of the light-emitting element. Further, the polarizing plate or the circularly polarizing plate may be provided with an anti-reflection film. For example, anti-glare treatment by which reflected light can be diffused by projections and depressions on the surface so as to reduce the glare can be performed.

The signal line driver circuits 4503 a and 4503 b and the scan line driver circuits 4504 a and 4504 b may be provided by mounting driver circuits formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or polycrystalline semiconductor film over a single-crystal semiconductor substrate or an insulating substrate separately prepared. In addition, only the signal line driver circuits or part thereof, or the scan line driver circuits or part thereof may be separately formed and mounted. This embodiment is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIGS. 20A and 20B.

Through this process, a light-emitting display device (display panel) can be manufactured at lower manufacturing cost.

This embodiment can be combined with any content of Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 as appropriate.

Embodiment 7

In this embodiment, a top view and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel, which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device, will be described with reference to FIGS. 21A1, 21A2, and 21B. FIGS. 21A1 and 21A2 are top views of a panel in which thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 each including the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film as its semiconductor layer as described in Embodiment 1 and a liquid crystal element 4013, which are formed over a first substrate 4001 are sealed between the first substrate 4001 and a second substrate 4006 with a sealant 4005. FIG. 21B is a cross-sectional view taken along a line M-N of FIGS. 21A1 and 21A2.

The sealant 4005 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4002 and a scan line driver circuit 4004 which are provided over the first substrate 4001. The second substrate 4006 is provided over the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004. Therefore, the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 are sealed together with a liquid crystal layer 4008, by the first substrate 4001, the sealant 4005, and the second substrate 4006. A signal line driver circuit 4003 that is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared is mounted in a region that is different from the region surrounded by the sealant 4005 over the first substrate 4001.

Note that the connection method of a driver circuit which is separately formed is not particularly limited, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, a TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG. 21A1 illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a COG method, and FIG. 21A2 illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a TAB method.

The pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 provided over the first substrate 4001 include a plurality of thin film transistors. FIG. 21B illustrates the thin film transistor 4010 included in the pixel portion 4002 and the thin film transistor 4011 included in the scan line driver circuit 4004. Over the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011, insulating layers 4020 and 4021 are provided.

Each of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 can be the thin film transistor including an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film as its semiconductor layer described in Embodiment 1. The thin film transistor 4011 corresponds to the thin film transistor having a back gate electrode described in Embodiment 2 with reference to FIG. 2A.

A pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013 is electrically connected to the thin film transistor 4010. A counter electrode layer 4031 of the liquid crystal element 4013 is provided for the second substrate 4006. A portion where the pixel electrode layer 4030, the counter electrode layer 4031, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 overlap with one another corresponds to the liquid crystal element 4013. Note that the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 are provided with an insulating layer 4032 and an insulating layer 4033 respectively which each function as an alignment film, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 is sandwiched between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 with the insulating layers 4032 and 4033 therebetween.

Note that the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006 can be formed of glass, metal (typically, stainless steel), ceramic, or plastic. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, a polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resin film can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which an aluminum foil is sandwiched between PVF films or polyester films can be used.

Reference numeral 4035 denotes a columnar spacer obtained by selectively etching an insulating film and is provided to control the distance between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 (a cell gap). Alternatively, a spherical spacer may also be used. In addition, the counter electrode layer 4031 is electrically connected to a common potential line formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor 4010. With use of the common connection portion, the counter electrode layer 4031 and the common potential line can be electrically connected to each other by conductive particles arranged between a pair of substrates. Note that the conductive particles are included in the sealant 4005.

Alternatively, liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase for which an alignment film is unnecessary may be used. A blue phase is one of liquid crystal phases, which is generated just before a cholesteric phase changes into an isotropic phase while temperature of cholesteric liquid crystal is increased. Since the blue phase is generated within an only narrow range of temperature, liquid crystal composition containing a chiral agent at 5 wt % or more so as to improve the temperature range is used for the liquid crystal layer 4008. The liquid crystal composition which includes liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase and a chiral agent have such characteristics that the response time is 10 μs to 100 μs, which is short, the alignment process is unnecessary because the liquid crystal composition has optical isotropy, and viewing angle dependency is small.

Although the example of a transmissive liquid crystal display device is described in this embodiment, one embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a reflective liquid crystal display device and a transflective liquid crystal display device.

While an example of the liquid crystal display device in which the polarizing plate is provided on the outer side of the substrate (on the viewer side) and the coloring layer and the electrode layer used for a display element are provided on the inner side of the substrate in that order is described in this embodiment, the polarizing plate may be provided on the inner side of the substrate. The stacked structure of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer is not limited to this embodiment and may be set as appropriate depending on materials of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer or conditions of manufacturing process. Further, a light-blocking film serving as a black matrix may be provided.

In this embodiment, in order to reduce surface unevenness of the thin film transistor and to improve reliability of the thin film transistor, the thin film transistor obtained in Embodiment 1 is covered with the insulating layers (the insulating layer 4020 and the insulating layer 4021) functioning as a protective film or a planarizing insulating film. Note that the protective film is provided to prevent entry of contaminant impurities such as organic substance, metal, or moisture existing in air and is preferably a dense film. The protective film may be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, aluminum oxynitride film, and/or an aluminum nitride oxide film by a sputtering method. Although an example in which the protective film is formed by a sputtering method is described in this embodiment, there is no particular limitation and the protective film may be formed by a variety of methods such as a PCVD method. In part of the driver circuit, the protective film serves as a second gate insulating layer, and a thin film transistor having a back gate over the second gate insulating layer is provided.

In this embodiment, the insulating layer 4020 having a stacked-layer structure is formed as a protective film. Here, as a first layer of the insulating layer 4020, a silicon oxide film is formed by a sputtering method. The use of a silicon oxide film as a protective film has an effect of preventing hillock of an aluminum film used for the source and drain electrode layers.

As a second layer of the protective film, an insulating layer is formed. In this embodiment, as the second layer of the insulating layer 4020, a silicon nitride film is formed by a sputtering method. The use of the silicon nitride film as the protective film can prevent mobile ions of sodium or the like from entering a semiconductor region and changing electrical characteristics of the TFT.

After the protective film is formed, the semiconductor layer may be subjected to annealing (300° C. to 400° C.). In addition, the back gate is formed after the protective film is formed.

The insulating layer 4021 is formed as the planarizing insulating film. As the insulating layer 4021, an organic material having heat resistance such as polyimide, acrylic, benzocyclobutene, polyamide, or epoxy can be used. Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (a low-k material), a siloxane-based resin, PSG (phosphosilicate glass), BPSG (borophosphosilicate glass), or the like. Note that the insulating layer 4021 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed of these materials.

Note that a siloxane-based resin is a resin formed from a siloxane material as a starting material and having the bond of Si—O—Si. The siloxane-based resin may include as a substituent an organic group (e.g., an alkyl group or an aryl group) or a fluoro group. In addition, the organic group may include a fluoro group.

A formation method of the insulating layer 4021 is not particularly limited, and the following method can be employed depending on the material: a sputtering method, an SOG method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, a spray coating method, a droplet discharge method (e.g., an ink-jet method, screen printing, offset printing, or the like), a doctor knife, a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knife coater, or the like. In a case of forming the insulating layer 4021 using a material solution, annealing (300° C. to 400° C.) of the semiconductor layer may be performed at the same time as a baking step. The baking step of the insulating layer 4021 also serves as annealing of the semiconductor layer, whereby a semiconductor device can be manufactured efficiently.

The pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide containing tungsten oxide, indium oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide containing titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or the like.

Conductive compositions including a conductive high molecule (also referred to as a conductive polymer) can be used for the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. The pixel electrode formed using the conductive composition preferably has a sheet resistance of less than or equal to 10000 ohms per square and a transmittance of greater than or equal to 70% at a wavelength of 550 nm. Further, the resistivity of the conductive high molecule included in the conductive composition is preferably less than or equal to 0.1 Ω·cm.

As the conductive high molecule, a so-called π-electron conjugated conductive polymer can be used. For example, polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof, a copolymer of two or more kinds of them, and the like can be given.

Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuit 4003 which is formed separately, the scan line driver circuit 4004, or the pixel portion 4002 from an FPC 4018.

In this embodiment, a connection terminal electrode 4015 is formed from the same conductive film as that of the pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013, and a terminal electrode 4016 is formed from the same conductive film as that of the source and drain electrode layers of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.

The connection terminal electrode 4015 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4018 via an anisotropic conductive film 4019.

FIGS. 21A1 and 21A2 illustrate an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 is formed separately and mounted on the first substrate 4001; however, this embodiment is not limited to this structure. The scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or only part of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example in which a liquid crystal display module is formed as a semiconductor device by using a TFT substrate 2600.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example of a liquid crystal display module, in which the TFT substrate 2600 and a counter substrate 2601 are fixed to each other with a sealant 2602, and a pixel portion 2603 including a TFT or the like, a display element 2604 including a liquid crystal layer, and a coloring layer 2605 are provided between the substrates to form a display region. The coloring layer 2605 is necessary to perform color display. In the RGB system, respective coloring layers corresponding to colors of red, green, and blue are provided for respective pixels. Polarizing plates 2606 and 2607 and a diffusion plate 2613 are provided outside the TFT substrate 2600 and the counter substrate 2601. A light source includes a cold cathode tube 2610 and a reflective plate 2611, and a circuit substrate 2612 is connected to a wiring circuit portion 2608 of the TFT substrate 2600 by a flexible wiring board 2609 and includes an external circuit such as a control circuit or a power source circuit. The polarizing plate and the liquid crystal layer may be stacked with a retardation plate therebetween.

For the liquid crystal display module, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, an in-plane-switching (IPS) mode, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode, a multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode, an axially symmetric aligned micro-cell (ASM) mode, an optical compensated birefringence (OCB) mode, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mode, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) mode, or the like can be used.

Through this process, a liquid crystal display panel as a semiconductor device can be manufactured at lower manufacturing cost.

This embodiment can be combined with any content of Embodiment 1, 2 or 3 as appropriate.

Embodiment 8

A semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a variety of electronic devices (including an amusement machine). Examples of electronic devices are a television set (also referred to as a television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone handset (also referred to as a mobile phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game console, a portable information terminal, an audio reproducing device, a large-sized game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.

FIG. 23A illustrates an example of a portable information terminal device 9200. The portable information terminal device 9200 incorporates a computer and thus can process various types of data. An example of the portable information terminal device 9200 is a personal digital assistant.

The portable information terminal device 9200 has two housings, a housing 9201 and a housing 9203. The housing 9201 and the housing 9203 are joined with a joining portion 9207 such that the portable information terminal device 9200 is foldable. A display portion 9202 is incorporated in the housing 9201, and the housing 9203 includes a keyboard 9205. Needless to say, the structure of the portable information terminal device 9200 is not limited to the above structure, and the structure may include at least a thin film transistor having a back gate electrode, and additional accessory may be provided as appropriate. A driver circuit and a pixel portion are formed over the same substrate, which leads to reduction of the manufacturing cost. Thus, a portable information terminal device having a thin film transistor having high electric characteristics can be realized.

FIG. 23B illustrates an example of a digital video camera 9500. The digital video camera 9500 includes a display portion 9503 incorporated in a housing 9501 and various operation portions. Needless to say, the structure of the digital video camera 9500 is not limited to the above structure, and the structure may include at least a thin film transistor having a back gate electrode, and additional accessory may be provided as appropriate. A driver circuit and a pixel portion are formed over the same substrate, which leads to reduction of the manufacturing cost. Thus, a digital video camera having a thin film transistor having high electric characteristics can be realized.

FIG. 23C illustrates an example of a mobile phone 9100. The mobile phone 9100 has two housings, a housing 9102 and a housing 9101. The housing 9102 and the housing 9101 are joined with a joining portion 9103 such that the mobile phone is foldable. A display portion 9104 is incorporated in the housing 9102, and the housing 9101 includes operation keys 9106. Needless to say, the structure of the mobile phone 9100 is not limited to the above structure, and the structure may include at least a thin film transistor having a back gate electrode, and additional accessory may be provided as appropriate. A driver circuit and a pixel portion are formed over the same substrate, which leads to reduction of the manufacturing cost. Thus, a mobile phone having a thin film transistor having high electric characteristics can be realized.

FIG. 23D illustrates an example of a portable computer 9300. The computer 9300 has two housings, a housing 9301 and a housing 9302. The housing 9301 and the housing 9302 are joined such that the computer can be opened and closed. A display portion 9303 is incorporated in the housing 9301, and the housing 9302 includes a keyboard 9304 or the like. Needless to say, the structure of the computer 9300 is not particularly limited to the above structure, and the structure may include at least a thin film transistor having a back gate electrode, and additional accessory may be provided as appropriate. A driver circuit and a pixel portion are formed over the same substrate, which leads to reduction of the manufacturing cost. Thus, a computer having a thin film transistor having high electric characteristics can be realized.

FIG. 24A illustrates an example of a television set 9600. In the television set 9600, a display portion 9603 is incorporated in a housing 9601. The display portion 9603 can display images. Further, the housing 9601 is supported by a stand 9605 in FIG. 24A.

The television set 9600 can be operated with an operation switch of the housing 9601 or a separate remote controller 9610. Channels and volume can be controlled with an operation key 9609 of the remote controller 9610 so that an image displayed on the display portion 9603 can be controlled. Further, the remote controller 9610 may be provided with a display portion 9607 for displaying data output from the remote controller 9610.

Note that the television set 9600 is provided with a receiver, a modem, and the like. With the receiver, a general television broadcast can be received. Further, when the television set 9600 is connected to a communication network by wired or wireless connection via the modem, one-way (from a transmitter to a receiver) or two-way (between a transmitter and a receiver or between receivers) data communication can be performed.

FIG. 24B illustrates an example of a digital photo frame 9700. For example, in the digital photo frame 9700, a display portion 9703 is incorporated in a housing 9701. The display portion 9703 can display a variety of images. For example, the display portion 9703 can display data of an image taken with a digital camera or the like and function as a normal photo frame

Note that the digital photo frame 9700 is provided with an operation portion, an external connection portion (a USB terminal, a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as a USB cable, or the like), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like. Although these components may be provided on the surface on which the display portion is provided, it is preferable to provide them on the side surface or the back surface for the design of the digital photo frame 9700. For example, a memory storing data of an image taken with a digital camera is inserted in the recording medium insertion portion of the digital photo frame, whereby the image data can be transferred and then displayed on the display portion 9703.

The digital photo frame 9700 may be configured to transmit and receive data wirelessly. The structure may be employed in which desired image data is transferred wirelessly to be displayed.

FIG. 25A illustrates an example of a mobile phone 1000 which is different from that illustrated in FIG. 23C. The mobile phone 1000 includes a display portion 1002 incorporated in a housing 1001, an operation button 1003, an external connection port 1004, a speaker 1005, a microphone 1006 and the like.

In the mobile phone 1000 illustrated in FIG. 25A, data can be input when a person touches the display portion 1002 with his/her finger or the like. In addition, operations such as making calls and composing mails can be conducted when a person touches the display portion 1002 with his/her finger or the like.

There are mainly three screen modes of the display portion 1002: the first mode is a display mode mainly for displaying an image; the second mode is an input mode mainly for inputting data such as text; and the third mode is a display-and-input mode in which two modes of the display mode and the input mode are combined.

For example, in a case of making a call or composing a mail, a text input mode mainly for inputting text is selected for the display portion 1002 so that text displayed on a screen can be input. In that case, it is preferable to display a keyboard or number buttons on almost all area of the screen of the display portion 1002.

When a detection device including a sensor for detecting inclination, such as a gyroscope or an acceleration sensor, is provided inside the mobile phone 1000, display in the screen of the display portion 1002 can be automatically switched by determining the installation direction of the mobile phone 1000 (whether the mobile phone 1000 is placed horizontally or vertically for a landscape mode or a portrait mode).

The screen modes are switched by touching the display portion 1002 or operating the operation button 1003 of the housing 1001. Alternatively, the screen modes may be switched depending on the kind of the image displayed on the display portion 1002. For example, when a signal of an image displayed on the display portion is a signal of moving image data, the screen mode is switched to the display mode. When the signal is a signal of text data, the screen mode is switched to the input mode.

Further, in the input mode, when input by touching the display portion 1002 is not performed for a certain period while a signal detected by the optical sensor in the display portion 1002 is detected, the screen mode may be controlled so as to be switched from the input mode to the display mode.

The display portion 1002 may function as an image sensor. For example, an image of a palm print, a fingerprint, or the like is taken when the display portion 1002 is touched with a palm or a finger, whereby personal identification can be performed. Further, by providing a backlight or a sensing light source which emits a near-infrared light in the display portion, an image of a finger vein, a palm vein, or the like can be taken.

FIG. 25B illustrates another example of a mobile phone. The mobile phone in FIG. 25B has a display device 9410 in a housing 9411, which includes a display portion 9412 and operation buttons 9413, and a communication device 9400 in a housing 9401, which includes operation buttons 9402, an external input terminal 9403, a microphone 9404, a speaker 9405, and a light-emitting portion 9406 that emits light when a phone call is received. The display device 9410 which has a display function can be detached from or attached to the communication device 9400 which has a phone function, in two directions represented by the allows. Thus, the display device 9410 and the communication device 9400 can be attached to each other along their short sides or long sides. In addition, when only the display function is needed, the display device 9410 can be detached from the communication device 9400 and used alone. Images or input information can be transmitted or received by wireless or wire communication between the communication device 9400 and the display device 9410, each of which has a rechargeable battery.

This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial No. 2008-291329 filed with the Japan Patent Office on Nov. 13, 2008, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A semiconductor device comprising: a first gate electrode over an insulating surface; a first insulating layer over the first gate electrode; a first oxide semiconductor layer over the first insulating layer; one of a source electrode and a drain electrode over the first oxide semiconductor layer; a second oxide semiconductor layer over the one of the source electrode and the drain electrode; a second insulating layer over the second oxide semiconductor layer; a second gate electrode over the second insulating layer; and a third oxide semiconductor layer between the first insulating layer and the second insulating layer, wherein the first oxide semiconductor layer has n-type conductivity, and wherein the second oxide semiconductor layer has n-type conductivity.
 2. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the third oxide semiconductor layer includes a channel formation region.
 3. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the third oxide semiconductor layer is over the second oxide semiconductor layer.
 4. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein at least a part of a side surface of the first oxide semiconductor layer is in contact with the third oxide semiconductor layer, and at least parts of an upper surface and a side surface of the second oxide semiconductor layer are in contact with the third oxide semiconductor layer.
 5. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a width of the first gate electrode is smaller than a width of the second gate electrode.
 6. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a width of the second gate electrode is smaller than a distance between the source electrode and the drain electrode.
 7. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein the first gate electrode and the second gate electrode have a same potential.
 8. The semiconductor device according to claim 1, wherein a part of the third oxide semiconductor layer is in contact with the first insulating layer.
 9. A display device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim
 1. 10. An electronic device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim
 1. 11. A semiconductor device comprising: an inverter circuit comprising: a first thin film transistor; and a second thin film transistor, wherein each of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor comprises a first oxide semiconductor layer and a first gate electrode, the first oxide semiconductor layer and the first gate electrode overlap with each other, wherein one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor further comprises a second gate electrode, wherein the first oxide semiconductor layer of the one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor is interposed between the first gate electrode of the one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor and the second gate electrode, wherein one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the first thin film transistor is electrically connected to one of a source electrode and a drain electrode of the second thin film transistor, wherein the first gate electrode of the first thin film transistor is electrically connected to the one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin film transistor, wherein the first thin film transistor further comprises: a second oxide semiconductor layer under the one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin film transistor; and a third oxide semiconductor layer over the one of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the first thin film transistor.
 12. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor is the second thin film transistor.
 13. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the other of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor does not comprise a second gate electrode.
 14. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor is electrically connected to a negative power supply line or a ground potential power supply line, and the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode of the other of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor is electrically connected to a positive power supply line.
 15. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first gate electrode of the one of the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor and the second gate electrode have the same potential.
 16. The semiconductor device according to claim 11, wherein the first thin film transistor and the second thin film transistor are n-channel thin film transistors.
 17. A gate line driver circuit comprising the semiconductor device according to claim
 11. 18. A display device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim
 11. 19. An electronic device comprising the semiconductor device according to claim
 11. 20. A semiconductor device comprising: a first oxide semiconductor layer; one of a source electrode and a drain electrode over the first oxide semiconductor layer; a second oxide semiconductor layer over the one of the source electrode and the drain electrode; and a third oxide semiconductor layer adjacent to the first oxide semiconductor layer, wherein the third oxide semiconductor layer includes a channel formation region. 